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'They wanted us out': young masculinities and school exclusion in England
No full textSchool exclusion in England is highly gendered, racialised and classed, boys are three times more likely than girls to be excluded from school and certain groups, including Black Caribbean boys are subject to disproportionate levels of exclusion. Against this backdrop, I explore the context and consequences of exclusion from English mainstream schooling for young masculinities. The arguments presented also have broader international significance due to a global tendency towards punitive measures in schooling. Through bringing masculinities scholarship into conversation with childhood studies, the chapter aims to present a nuanced theorisation of young masculinities which foregrounds lived experience and is located within the interdisciplinary field of childhood studies. It examines ways in which exclusion and schooling in alternative settings, such as a Pupil Referral school, can shape the identities of boys and their subjectivities. The empirical data demonstrates that excluded boys face severe constraints arising from ways in which they are positioned. Drawing on original qualitative data it is argued that boys who are categorised in this way demonstrate highly agentic ways of ‘doing boy’. The chapter is underpinned by two questions, firstly, how can we theorise boyhood and school exclusion in ways that recognise excluded boys as agentic and constrained subjects? Secondly, what possibilities for change might our theorisation reveal? The chapter concludes by arguing for intersectional masculinities and strengthened theorisation of childhood studies which explicitly recognises lived experience. Through this discussion, I seek to illuminate the emotional costs of school exclusion and insights into ways to achieve change
Safeguarding adults within institutional settings: a narrative overview of the literature focused on the care of people with mental ill-health and learning difficulties
Get PDFPurpose: Institutional abuse is a worldwide phenomenon with the UK also subject to several high-profile abuse scandals perpetuated on people with learning disabilities and/or mental health conditions living within institutional settings. This study aims to provide a broad perspective of safeguarding practices within institutional care to inform practice and service development in this area. Design/methodology/approach: A narrative overview was undertaken of a range of empirical evidence, discussion papers, enquiry reports, reports from regulatory bodies and professional guidance to explore safeguarding practices within institutional care for individuals with learning disabilities and/or mental health conditions. Findings: A range of literature was identified that exposed and explored abuse in this context. Three key themes were identified: failings within institutional care; safeguarding issues and concerns; and good practice within institutional care. Whilst guidance is available, standards are explicit and protocols facilitate improvement potential in this area, a consistent message was that statutory recommendations for reform have not been effective. Originality/value: This paper provides an important resource for practitioners and service providers involved in institutional care. An accessible overview of both the empirical evidence and grey literature on adult safeguarding within institutional settings is provided, along with a range of standards and resources that specify practice in these settings
An investigation of antecedents and consequences of green value internalisation among sampled UK enterprises
Get PDFDespite the growing popularity of the concept of green value internalisation, research on how this concept is being accomplished at the enterprise level is still limited. The purpose of this study is to address this knowledge gap by drawing from previously known concepts of green value and value internalisation. It examines the antecedents and consequences of green value internalisation and evaluates how these environment-leaning approaches impact competitive advantage. This study uses the resource-based view and the stakeholder theory as theoretical lenses in linking green value internalisation to its antecedents and how these impact competitive advantage. A two-step approach involving a measurement model and a structural model was used to analyse survey data from 213 UK enterprises to validate the research hypotheses. Hypotheses testing shows that green value internalisation has a positive and significant impact on green criteria development. The results also show that external pressure positively and significantly affects green value internalisation. These findings extend prior knowledge by establishing the level of significance in the relationship among the antecedents and consequences in the research model. The research design for this study draws from a systematic literature review. The study offers rigorous empirical insights for implementing green value internalisation as a value-creating strategy. However, the antecedents and consequences examined in this study may not capture in detail all underlying constructs. Hence future studies should proffer valid and reliable instruments for these constructs. The findings provide managers from enterprises across a broad industry size range seeking to implement green value internalisation with resources for embedding an enterprise-level pro-environmental strategy
How is theory used to understand and inform practice in the alternative provision sector in England: trends, gaps and implications for practice
Get PDFThis article examines how theory features in the research literatures concerning the English alternative (education) provision (AP) sector. Despite increasing interest over the past decade in how AP can (re)engage school-aged young people in learning, there has been no comprehensive review of the theoretical ideas used to understand, analyse, and inform practice in the sector. This article presents a framework for categorising the literature on AP, which refer to theory. This framework is of international relevance and can be used by researchers who are seeking to understand the state-of-knowledge on AP in their own contexts. Applied to the English context, this framework demonstrates trends and gaps in the ways theory is used to frame and understand the sector by researchers and practitioners. The framework highlights a shortage of published research which seeks to understand how practitioners in English APs understand, and use, theoretical ideas, concepts, and frameworks to inform their work with young people. We also find that theories drawn from psychological and therapeutic orientations are more common than those drawing on socio-political framings. We reflect on the causes and implications of these trends and gaps and conclude with suggestions for future research to better understand them
5G and beyond 5G technologies enabling Industry 5.0: network applications for robotics
Get PDFThe convergence of cloud and edge computing, along with distributed AI and the latest 5G/6G communications, is revolutionizing collaboration, connectivity, and interaction. These digital advancements pave the way for a new era of AI-powered robots, enabling them to navigate unfamiliar scenarios and adapt in the long term by seamlessly engaging with the digital realm. Consequently, these innovative applications generate diverse, continuous, and rapidly evolving data transmission requirements that traditional network resource management struggles to satisfy in terms of Quality of Service (QoS). In this paper, we take a step beyond focusing solely on network-side traffic engineering efforts. Instead, we explore the potential of application-side traffic shaping within non-public networks to address these demanding transmission needs. Within the framework of optimizing Quality of Experience, we discuss on how the 5G-ERA project focuses on a multi-domain learning process for autonomous robotics using an intent-based networking approach for optimized resource management within the network validated by the use cases within the project enabling the transition from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0. Our central aim is to efficiently control and direct data traffic within the confines of the private network, ensuring it aligns with predefined objectives. While this methodology can be applied in various contexts, it is essential to establish precise intentions rooted in domain expertise. This innovative approach serves as a valuable complement to conventional network resource management methods typically employed at the network infrastructure level.
The fragility of the ocean: from coral reef protection to deep-sea mining
No full textThe ocean environment around Pacific island countries and territories (PICTs) is fragile, from coral reefs along the coasts to deep-ocean habitats; 30% of the world’s reefs are important in the fishing and tourism sectors, with a total value estimated at nearly $36 billion. Global reef surveys during 2014–17 revealed that 80% of surveyed reefs had experienced significant coral bleaching and 35% had expe-rienced significant coral mortality. Observations demonstrate that the widespread damage to coral reefs caused by global warming is accelerating, underscoring the threat that anthropogenic climate change poses in terms of the irreversible transfor-mation of these essential ecosystems. But it is not only island coastal regions that face significant damage. There is also potential damage to the deep-sea (>200 m depth) areas around PICTs—where there are many gaps in our knowledge about biodiver-sity and ecosystems—owing to the encroaching possibility of mining for precious metals in the deep ocean. We describe an ecosystems services valuation approach to the cost–benefit analysis (CBA) of decision-making over deep-sea mining, and an economic approach to decision-making under uncertainty which supports a wait-and-see approach to allow more information to be obtained when there are high non-reversible costs at stake. We also explore relevant governing legal and financial options, such as mining trials and environmental financial assurance (EFA) bonds— as a prior condition of awarding a mining licence—to cover the costs of clean-up common in terrestrial mining. Protection of the coastal and deep-sea areas of PICTs is a major challenge that needs global cooperation
DeepDetect: an innovative hybrid deep learning framework for anomaly detection in IoT networks
Get PDFThe presence of threats and anomalies in the Internet of Things infrastructure is a rising concern. Attacks, such as Denial of Service, User to Root, Probing, and Malicious operations can lead to the failure of an Internet of Things system. Traditional machine learning methods rely entirely on feature engineering availability to determine which data features will be considered by the model and contribute to its training and classification and “dimensionality” reduction techniques to find the most optimal correlation between data points that influence the outcome. The performance of the model mostly depends on the features that are used. This reliance on feature engineering and its effects on the model performance has been demonstrated from the perspective of the Internet of Things intrusion detection system. Unfortunately, given the risks associated with the Internet of Things intrusion, feature selection considerations are quite complicated due to the subjective complexity. Each feature has its benefits and drawbacks depending on which features are selected. Deep structured learning is a subcategory of machine learning. It realizes features inevitably out of raw data as it has a deep structure that contains multiple hidden layers. However, deep learning models such as recurrent neural networks can capture arbitrary-length dependencies, which are difficult to handle and train. However, it is suffering from exploiting and vanishing gradient problems. On the other hand, the log-cosh conditional variational Autoencoder ignores the detection of the multiple class classification problem, and it has a high level of false alarms and a not high detection accuracy. Moreover, the Autoencoder ignores to detect multi-class classification. Furthermore, there is evidence that a single convolutional neural network cannot fully exploit the rich information in network traffic. To deal with the challenges, this research proposed a novel approach for network anomaly detection. The proposed model consists of multiple convolutional neural networks, gate-recurrent units, and a bi-directional-long-short-term memory network. The proposed model employs multiple convolution neural networks to grasp spatial features from the spatial dimension through network traffic. Furthermore, gate recurrent units overwhelm the problem of gradient disappearing- and effectively capture the correlation between the features. In addition, the bi-directional-long short-term memory network approach was used. This layer benefits from preserving the historical context for a long time and extracting temporal features from backward and forward network traffic data. The proposed hybrid model improves network traffic's accuracy and detection rate while lowering the false positive rate. The proposed model is evaluated and tested on the intrusion detection benchmark NSL-KDD dataset. Our proposed model outperforms other methods, as evidenced by the experimental results. The overall accuracy of the proposed model for multi-class classification is 99.31% and binary-class classification is 99.12%
Developing care experienced young peoples’ participation as peer researchers in an inter-disciplinary study: applying the ‘Ability-Motivation-Opportunity’ framework
Get PDFThere is a growing trend towards the use of participatory methods, within health and social care research and an increase in the inclusion of Peer Researchers in leaving care studies internationally. Whilst multiple benefits have been identified, they are not automatic and consideration also needs to be given to the complexities involved and how challenges might be mitigated. This paper focuses on the participation of care-experienced young people as Peer Researchers in an inter-disciplinary study examining how to sustain, scale and spread innovation to support young people’s transitions from care. It shares learning from a nested action research study that was co-developed to explore and support Peer Researchers’ contribution to and participation in the wider study. Key learning from the qualitative survey and focus groups centred on the discovery and application of the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (‘A-M-O’) theoretical framework [Applebaum, E., Bailey, T., Berg, P., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2000). Manufacturing advantage: why high performance work systems pay off. ILR Press.] and its use to explore, analyse, reflect on and develop the Peer Researcher role. The application of A-M-O as an analytical and reflective tool offers a valuable and practical way to develop Peer Researchers’ contribution to and participation in and beyond health and social care research studies
Identity categories and the dilemma of calling police about family violence
No full textThe under-reporting of family violence is a global problem. Multiple barriers to help- seeking have been identified, including some associated with social identities like race, age and gender. This discursive psychology study examines identity and help-seeking in social interaction. We analysed 200 calls classified by police call-takers as family harm using conversation analysis and membership categorization analysis. We found that callers oriented to a locally generated identity category ‘the one who called police’ as problematic. Callers sought anonymity or proposed cover stories to avoid being identified by others. Anonymity raised practical problems for recording callers' names and cover stories raised questions about the legitimacy of alternative accounts for police contact. We found callers' concerns with being identified create a dilemma produced through competing moral judgements tied to coexisting institutional and relational identity categories. Participants display understandings that calling the police may be the right thing to do as a help-seeker, but the wrong thing to do as a friend or family member. Our findings reveal how a locally generated identity category was observable as a force shaping help-seeking in real-time high-stakes encounters
Exploring EMI students’ attitudes towards translanguaging and English language proficiency threshold across different disciplines
Get PDFThe current study explores the discipline-based differences in terms of the relationship between English language proficiency and attitudes towards translanguaging in partial English Medium Instruction (EMI) programmes at a Turkish university. Quantitative data were collected from undergraduates in the Faculty of Engineering (n = 173) and the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences (n = 172). Analyses revealed that English proficiency did not predict students’ general attitudes towards translanguaging and their attitudes towards the use of translanguaging in class in engineering programmes. However, proficiency was a significant predictor of both factors for the social science students. MANOVA results showed that the multivariate effect of proficiency was significant in social science programmes but not in engineering programmes. An apparent proficiency threshold was observed with social science students but not with engineering students, where attitudes towards the use of translanguaging decreased at the B2 proficiency level. The paper discusses the pedagogical implications of the relationship between language proficiency and attitudes towards translanguaging in different disciplines
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