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Management of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia:a pragmatic scoping review of European guidelines and literature
Get PDFPurpose: Dementia prevalence within the European Union (EU) is expected to double by 2050. Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) are common, causing burden to patients and caregivers. This pragmatic scoping review aims to synthesize recommendations of European BPSD management guidelines and literature, highlighting areas of consensus and disagreement.Methods: An electronic literature search including Medline, PsychINFO and CINAHL and internet search for grey literature were undertaken to identify published BPSD guidelines from the EU, European Economic Area (EEA) and UK, supplemented by contacting EU member countries of European Geriatric Medicine Society (EuGMS).Results: The literature search found 11 papers describing BPSD management. Of the 32 countries of interest, 22 guidelines were sourced (five no guidelines, five no response). There was a general consensus between the guidelines, as all recommended comprehensive assessment and individualised approaches, with non-pharmacological therapies as first line, but there was disagreement around specific therapies. Psychoeducation was most commonly recommended (15 countries). There was a general agreement that pharmacological treatment should be used as an adjunct to non-pharmacological interventions, but recommendations differed between medication groups. Short term atypical antipsychotics were most commonly recommended,especially risperidone (18 countries). 15 countries recommended acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and 12 memantine. 16 countries recommended the use of SSRIs. Recommendations for the use of sedative medications and anti-epileptics varied.Conclusions: This study provides a broad, inclusive overview of current European guidelines for the management of BPSD, demonstrating significant variability. Clinical practice in dementia care throughout Europe needs to be optimized and standardized
An encodable amino acid for targeted photocatalysis
Get PDFPhotocatalysts are excellent scaffolds for the light-mediated control of bioactive molecules. Current photocatalytic structures are not compatible with genetic encoding and therefore cannot be directly incorporated into the sequences of native proteins. Herein, we developed new amino acids incorporating Si-rosamine photocatalytic units, and introduced them via aminoacylation of tRNAs into specific positions of different proteins to enable targeted photocatalytic reactions in defined populations of immune cells. </p
Gap between national food production and food-based dietary guidance highlights lack of national self-sufficiency
Get PDFIn light of nationalist trends, disruptions to global food supply chains and efforts to concurrently promote sustainable diets, we assess national capacities to achieve dietary guidelines based on domestic production alone. Over a third of all countries cannot meet self-sufficiency for more than two of the seven essential food groups. Low self-sufficiency and overdependence on a few countries for imports threaten their capability to respond to global shocks, particularly for small states.</p
Comparing One Health and Ecohealth with Other Integrated Approaches to Health
Get PDFOne Health and EcoHealth have diverse origins and with this, varied ways of relating to other similar integrated approaches to health. This chapter is dedicated to the many integrated approaches closely related to One Health and EcoHealth, while also recognizing the contribution and origination of integrated approaches from Indigenous cultures across the world. By understanding how these similar concepts revolved around and relate to One Health or EcoHealth, we hope to help the reader minimize wasted or lost information (due to silo-ing of fields) and maximize opportunities to address health imbalances in all facets of our world: humans, animals, plants and our ecologic settings. The effects of synergy between various integrative approaches are potentially bigger and longer lasting than the sum of different, nonarticulated interventions
“Everybody knows what a pothole is”:Representations of work and intelligence in AI practice and governance
Get PDFIn this paper, we empirically and conceptually examine how distributed human–machine networks of labour comprise a form of underlying intelligence within Artificial Intelligence (AI), considering the implications of this for Responsible Artificial Intelligence (R-AI) innovation. R-AI aims to guide AI research, development and deployment in line with certain normative principles, for example fairness, privacy, and explainability; notions implicitly shaped by comparisons of AI with individualised notions of human intelligence. However, as critical scholarship on AI demonstrates, this is a limited framing of the nature of intelligence, both of humans and AI. Furthermore, it dismisses the skills and labour central to developing AI systems, involving a distributed network of human-directed practices and reasoning. We argue that inequities in the agency and recognition of different types of practitioners across these networks of AI development have implications beyond RAI, with narrow framings concealing considerations which are important within broader discussions of AI intelligence. Drawing from interactive workshops conducted with AI practitioners, we explore practices of data acquisition, cleaning, and annotation, as the point where practitioners interface with domain experts and data annotators. Despite forming a crucial part of AI design and development, this type of data work is frequently framed as a tedious, unskilled, and low-value process. In exploring these practices, we examine the political role of the epistemic framings that underpin AI development and how these framings can shape understandings of distributed intelligence, labour practices, and annotators’ agency within data structures. Finally, we reflect on the implications of our findings for developing more participatory and equitable approaches to machine learning applications in the service of R-AI
Edge downgrades in the Maximal Covering Location Problem
Get PDFWe tackle the downgrading maximal covering location problem within a network. In this problem, two actors with conflicting objectives are involved: (a) The location planner aims to determine the location of facilities to maximize the covered demand while anticipating that an attacker will attempt to reduce coverage by increasing the length of some edges (downgrade); (b) The attacker seeks to maximize the demand initially covered by the facilities but left uncovered after the downgrade. The attacker can increase the length of certain edges within a specified budget.We introduce a mixed-integer linear bilevel program to formulate the problem, followed by a preprocessing phase and a matheuristic algorithm designed to address it. Additionally, computational results are presented to illustrate the potential and limitations of the proposed algorithm
Identifying determinants of cardiovascular medication non-adherence to develop individualised interventions
Get PDFRobust Survival Model for the Prediction of Li-ion Battery lifetime Reliability and Risk Functions
Get PDFSingle-value prediction such as the End of Life and Remaining Useful Life is a common method of estimating the lifetime of Li-ion batteries. Information from such prediction is limited when the entire degradation pattern is needed for practical applications such as dynamic adjustment of battery warranty, improved maintenance scheduling, and battery stock management. In this research, a predictive, semi-parametric survival model called the Cox Proportional Hazards is proposed for the prediction of cell degradation in the form of survival probability (battery reliability) and cumulative hazard (battery risk) functions. Once this model is trained, the two functions can be obtained directly for a new cell without having to predict several cogent points. The model is trained on the first 50 cycles of only the voltage profile from either the charge or discharge data regime, implying that our methodology is data region agnostic. The signature method with both desirable mathematical and machine learning properties was adopted as a feature extraction technique.The developed models are tested rigorously using application-driven strategies involving model robustness to the number of cycles of data required for model training and prediction, different fractions of training samples, and systematic data sparsity. The codes for modeling and testing are publicly available
Rhodococcus parequi sp. nov., a new species isolated from equine farm soil closely related to the pathogen Rhodococcus equi
Get PDFWe present the description of the new species, Rhodococcus parequi, found during phylogenomic investigations of a global collection of strains identified as Rhodococcus(Prescottella) equi. Strain PAM 2766T was isolated from horse-breeding farm soil in Normandy, France, and was indistinguishable from R. equi based on the usual identification tests. Whole genome phylogenetic analyses located PAM 2766T in the same Rhodococcus sublineage as R. equi, together with Rhodococcus agglutinans, Rhodococcus defluvii, Rhodococcus soli, Rhodococcus subtropicus, Rhodococcus spongiicola and Rhodococcus xishaensis. PAM 2766T is most closely related to, but sufficiently distinct from R. equi DSM 20307 T to be considered as a separate species. Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) and Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI) values are 88.60% and 92.35, respectively, well below the species cutoff. The PAM 2766T draft genome is ~5.3 Mb in size with 68.98% G+C mol content. PAM 2766T is aerobic, non-motile, and produces smooth, creamy to buff-coloured colonies very similar to those of R. equi. It phenotypically differs from the latter by the ability to grow at 5ºC, a strongly positive urease test at 24 h, and specificities in the carbon and nitrogen source utilization profile as determined by phenotype microarray screens. Our data indicate that PAM 2766T belongs to a novel species, for which the name Rhodococcus parequi sp. nov. is proposed. R. parequi was avirulent in macrophage infection assays and is assumed to be non-pathogenic. The type strain is PAM 2766T (= CETC 30995T = NCTC 14987T)
An osteobiography of a celebrity chimpanzee reflects the changing roles of modern zoos.
Get PDFThe role of zoos has shifted markedly from their origins in the nineteenth century to the present day. Long-lived and charismatic individual animals have been central to zoological collections, as priorities have changed from a primary focus on entertainment to a greater emphasis on education, conservation, research and welfare. Here, we construct the osteobiography of a celebrity chimpanzee to highlight the changing practices of modern zoos over a near half-century timescale. We applied archival, biogeochemical, pathological, and morphometric analyses to the skeleton and tissues of Choppers, a captive female western chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus), who featured in the PG Tips television advertisements in the United Kingdom in the 1970s. We show the efficacy of the osteobiographical method in revealing Choppers’ life events, including her capture from the wild, dietary transitions over decadal timescales, and her declining health in old age. These direct analytical techniques applied to her physical remains allow for a more in-depth understanding of her life history than from archival material alone. By using a mixed-method, in-depth assessment of a single captive chimpanzee, we provide a rich context for analysing the impact of the changing roles of zoos on captive animals during the late 20th and 21st centuries
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