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Almshouses, old age and the welfare state in modern Britain
Get PDFThis article examines the transformation of two English Midlands almshouse organisations from the late nineteenth century into the early twentieth century. Taking an understudied institution for the older poor, this article addresses the ‘softer’ side of what historians have referred to as Britain’s ‘carceral archipelago’ in a period when older people were increasingly unlikely to support themselves or rely on community or familial networks. Focusing on the Bournville Almshouse Trust and the Lench’s Trust enables the article to explore who was living in these almshouses and how they navigated the power and space within the institution. Placing genealogical records in conversation with institutional archives utilises both the possibilities of online genealogical databases and attends to the weakness of such material by following ‘inmates’ beyond the boundaries enforced by census, marriage and death records. This enables the article to probe the ways in which almshouse residents helped shape the changing definition of what old age meant as the welfare state emerged, understanding how and why almshouses responded to the demands of an ageing population and growing welfare state.</p
Adaptation of a PTSD intervention for use in primary care in a low-income country: The Brief Relaxation, Education and Trauma HEaling intervention for Ethiopia (BREATHE Ethiopia)
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Cybersecurity vulnerabilities in the food supply chain and their impact on food security:A systematic literature review
Get PDFPurposeThe food supply chain increasingly involves the use of computerised and smart technologies, such as network-connected sensors in agriculture. However, such systems may be vulnerable to cyberattacks, and the adequacy of current cybersecurity measures in the food supply chain is not clear. Although cyberattacks can adversely affect food security, food security metrics currently typically overlook cybersecurity as a risk factor. The purpose of this study is to identify cyber vulnerabilities in food production systems today.Design/methodology/approachThis study undertakes a systematic literature review of 43 articles guided by three research questions. The research questions address the types of digital technologies used in the food supply chain, the cybersecurity vulnerabilities associated with them, and the food security implications of cybersecurity breaches.FindingsThe study finds that (1) there is a broad range of technologies used in the food supply chain but adoption rates are not well documented; (2) the food supply chain is characterised by complex cyber-physical systems with many vulnerabilities present at each stage; and (3) systemic food security risks related to cybersecurity are not adequately addressed by the existing research literature.Originality/valueThe study identifies potentially significant cyber vulnerabilities in food production systems today; makes an original contribution to food security studies by arguing for a widening of its scope to include cybersecurity; and argues that food cyber security should be given high priority by policymakers
Metagenomic Insights into the Diet and past Kolyma Lowlands Habitat from the Intestinal Content of a Late Pleistocene Steppe Bison
Get PDFDuring the last cold stage (115–11.7 cal kya BP), the non-glaciated part of Arctic Eurasia exhibited a distinctive plant composition consisting of steppe and xerophilous arctic plants. This vegetation formed the Pleistocene mammoth steppe, which provided a habitat for large herbivores like mammoths (Mammuthus primigenius) and steppe bison (Bison priscus). In this study, we analyzed the DNA sequences of well-preserved plant material from the intestinal tract of the frozen mummy of an extinct steppe bison discovered in the Kolyma Lowland, Northeastern Russia in 2009. Radiocarbon dating placed the specimen at >48 kyr. We leveraged genome-wide and skimmed genome accessions to maximize the retrieval of sequenced reads for identification. In line with macrofossil evidence, we identified alkali grass (Puccinellia), indicating high salinity, and Larch (Larix) in the DNA data of the steppe bison sample. The occurrence of larch north of the current tree line indicates warm temperatures during the growing season. Additionally, we confirmed the presence of plant genera typically associated with steppes and productive meadows under open and arid soil conditions such as Artemisia, Tanacetum, Koeleria, Festuca, Puccinellia, Taraxacum, Alopecurus, and Poa, while Phippsia suggests high soil water content, at least locally. We also attempted to infer the likely most closely related species for each genus. The most abundant authenticated genera, Artemisia and Puccinellia, align with their known prevalence in the mammoth steppe, reflecting broader environmental signals beyond the steppe bison's diet. Hence, the use of metagenomic approaches in combination with comprehensive reference databases offered insights into steppe bison diet, allowed us to obtain a more detailed view of the mammoth steppe vegetation, and provided extended interpretations of soil conditions.</p
Cell-type-specific functionality encoded within the intrinsically disordered regions of OCT4.
Get PDFThe cell-type-specific function of transcription factors (TFs) is crucial for determining cellular identity. However, it is unclear how a single TF can function specifically in different cell types. Here, we define the molecular features that enable OCT4 to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent or trophoblast stem cells, maintain the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), and drive lineage commitment during early embryonic development. Embedded within the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of OCT4, we uncover short linear peptides that are essential for reprogramming (SLiPERs) but dispensable for ESC self-renewal. SLiPERs adopt a quasi-ordered state and, during reprogramming, recruit a unique set of proteins to closed chromatin that are unnecessary for ESC self-renewal. Interestingly, SLiPERs are essential for embryos to develop beyond late gastrulation. Removing SLiPERs leads to aberrant OCT4 binding, derailing the regular transition of ESCs out of pluripotency. Our findings identify modules within IDRs that contribute to the functional versatility and specificity of TFs
The development of emotional symptoms in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder:A longitudinal analysis from middle childhood to early adolescence
Get PDFEmotional symptoms are common in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and are often associated with long-term adverse outcomes. However, little is known about how emotional symptoms develop from middle childhood to early adolescence in individuals with ADHD, including how they differ between boys and girls. This study investigated the trajectories of emotional symptoms in children with ADHD during this transition period and compared to neurotypical peers, using longitudinal data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study, while also examining potential sex differences. Latent growth curve modeling was employed to model emotional symptoms at ages 7, 11, and 14. Children with ADHD had significantly higher levels of emotional symptoms than neurotypical peers across all three waves, with levels remaining stable over time. Boys and girls with ADHD did not differ in their emotional symptoms levels at any wave. Girls with ADHD however did show a significant increase in emotional symptoms over time, whilst boys' levels remained relatively stable over the same period. These findings highlight the importance of early screening for emotional symptoms in children with early-diagnosed ADHD, with particular attention to the increasing levels of emotional symptoms in girls as they transition into adolescence.</p
An Expanded Massive Multilingual Dataset for High-Performance Language Technologies (HPLT)
Get PDFTraining state-of-the-art large language models requires vast amounts of clean and diverse textual data. However, building suitable multilingual datasets remains a challenge. In this work, we present HPLT v2, a collection of high-quality multilingual monolingual and parallel corpora, extending prior work of the HPLT project. The monolingual portion of the data contains 8T tokens covering 193 languages, while the parallel data contains 380M sentence pairs covering 51 languages. We document the entire data pipeline and release the code to reproduce it. We provide extensive analysis of the quality and characteristics of our data. Finally, we evaluate the performance of language models and machine translation systems trained on HPLT v2, demonstrating its value
The Scottish State and the Experience of Government, c. 1560-1707:Essays in Honour of Julian Goodare
Get PDFThis volume examines the development of Scotland’s institutions of government in the early modern period, and considers how local and central authorities affected the lives of the Scottish people. In the book’s first part, contributors provide up-to-date studies of initiatives to reform, define and reimagine the Scottish state. The essays discuss changes in the privy council, parliament and administration, and assess political and constitutional ideas. The book’s second part explores how Scots experienced government. Contributors consider the material culture of state power and the actions of local courts and officials. Essays reconstruct the perspectives of criminals and religious dissenters, as well as participants in debt litigation and slander suits. Several chapters attend to the role of governing bodies in the Scottish witch-hunts. The essays respond to major themes in the work of Julian Goodare, who retired as Professor of History at the University of Edinburgh in 2021
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