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The ruble lever:Soviet development knowledge and the political economy of the UN
Get PDFFrom the early 1950s, the USSR was the second largest contributor to the UN. Following UN rules, it gave much of its contribution in rubles, an infamously unconvertible currency that generally limited Soviet actions overseas. In the hands of UN officials, however, these ‘weak’ rubles became a powerful lever that made UN development projects more Soviet. Seeking to extract value from the ruble, officials increased the amount of UN development training held in the USSR, prioritized the purchase of Soviet equipment, and incentivized agencies to distribute Soviet manuals. Exploring the ruble lever contributes to our knowledge of the Soviet presence at the UN while foregrounding political economy as a key mechanism shaping UN practices more widely. Following the money in forms other than the dollar can reveal how economies of power at the UN intersect with global economic history, as well as the conceptual and contemporary challenges of international cooperation among wildly unequal economies
<i>Ennius pinxit</i>, or What a difference a letter makes (Epigr. I V.)
Get PDFThis article argues that Ennius wrote pinxit not panxit in the pentameter of Epigr. 1 V. Along the way, it draws attention to Ennius' love of metaphor and shows how, when we read the right verb, the imagery of his epigram becomes both coherent and meaningful.</p
Gigantomachy and the <i>Psychomachia</i> of Prudentius
No full textIn the Psychomachia, Prudentius engages with the myth and poetry of the gigantomachy, in particular the work of Claudian, his foremost poetic contemporary and occasional rival. Prudentius’ dialogue with Claudian is one crucial input for understanding how he blends epic poetry and scriptural interpretation into a full-scale personification allegory that depicts a war between good and evil within the cosmos and within individual human beings. In this way, the currency of the gigantomachy in the early fifth century is critical for understanding the contemporary poetic significance of Prudentius’ greatest work
Management of the therapeutic relationship in a patient with Complex PTSD and Personality Disorder
No full textIndividuals diagnosed with Complex PTSD (C-PTSD) have experienced repeated and often prolonged traumatic events. From a therapeutic perspective this can lead to difficulties in emotion regulation within-session, challenges with patient-therapist attunement, and impaired coregulation of emotions during therapeutic interactions. As a result, frequent therapeutic alliance ruptures can emerge, which in turn pose challenges for symptom-focused work. We describe a case study involving a 38-year-old woman presenting with C-PTSD, dissociation, anxiety and borderline and dependent personality disorder traits. We explore how difficulties in attunement and emotion regulation during therapy were mostly attributable to (i) maladaptive ideas regarding the self and others; and (ii) difficulties in recognizing both her own mental states and those of her therapist. For instance, the patient believed that the therapist was distant and critical; which she held to be fact rather than reflective of a mental state. We show how the therapist addressed these difficulties, incorporating repair of the therapeutic alliance, which enabled a return to symptom focused work. The case description offers guidance on how to maintain a dual focus on therapeutic alliance alongside symptoms when treating C-PTSD (with or without comorbidity).</p
Changes in referential production among Japanese-English bilingual returnee children:A five-year longitudinal study
Get PDFThis study tracked the referential production of 25 Japanese-English returnee children for five years upon their return to Japan from an English-dominant environment (Mean age = 9.72 at the time of return) and compared their referential strategies to 27 Japanese monolinguals and 27 English monolinguals, age-matched to the returnee’s age at time of return. Returnees used more redundant Noun Phrases (NPs) in both languages to maintain references compared to monolingual peers. In English, no changes in NP use were noted over time, but increased exposure in English led to fewer redundant NPs when maintaining references. In their native Japanese (L1), returnees used less NPs for maintaining references and more NPs for reintroducing references, indicating improved reference tracking longitudinally. In sum, returnees’ referential production is more sensitive to L1 re-exposure effects than second language (L2) attrition and crucially, increased L2 exposure minimizes redundant referent production among bilingual returnee children
Attending to Migrant Health in Scotland’s Ending HIV Policy
Get PDFThis study examines the role of migration in Scotland’s policy to end new HIV transmissions by 2030. Migration is defined as a key social determinant of HIV treatment and prevention in global health scholarship. However, critical understandings of migration and HIV transmission are uniquely under-explored in the Scottish policy context. Previous scholars have articulated the need for intersectional approaches to developing relevant policy measures for migrant communities impacted by HIV transmission. Attending to the intersection of HIV and migration, this study uses document analysis of the Scottish Government’s Ending HIV policy (2024) to demonstrate how migration is absented from Scottish policy priorities. This study explores the consequences of omitting consideration of health inequalities for temporary and permanent migrants. The study finds that increases in migration patterns across Scotland shape the ‘missing’ population of people living with undiagnosed and/or untreated HIV, which must be acknowledged and included in the policy vision. This study argues for further intersectional approaches to integrate migrant experiences into Scotland’s health policy to end new HIV transmissions by 2030, including more targeted culturally sensitive health promotion practices and consultation with migrant communities from across Scotland
Foreign aid for peace and civilian victimisation
No full textThis article examines the effect of foreign aid for peace on civilian victimisation. The existing literature on the effects of post-conflict foreign aid suggests that aid can have both positive and negative outcomes. For instance, it can promote economic growth and equality, but under certain circumstances, it can also fuel corruption, create dependence and even perpetuate violence. This mixed record indicates the need for a better understanding of how intended and desirable outcomes of foreign aid for peace can be achieved. Therefore, this article examines the impact of EU aid for peace in Colombia from 2002 to 2018 on civilian victimisation. By employing a difference-in-differences model and semi-structured interviews, this study aims to clarify the causal mechanisms linking EU aid for peace to reductions in civilian victimisation. The main finding is that EU aid for peace reduces civilian victimisation by strengthening civilian agency and enhancing the visibility of violence in the municipalities where interventions occurred
Creating and sustaining a high-performing tennis culture
No full textThe coach is identified as a key actor in the development of a high-performing culture, in this case, tennis. We investigated how the participating tennis coaches on the International Tennis Federation/Olympic Solidarity Tennis program in Spain made an impact within their national organizations, by developing and implementing a coach-created high-performing environment. We collected data using both interview and survey. Our findings from the survey indicated that the participating coaches found the program to be very helpful to their practice, especially long term tennis development, structure and organization of effective tennis programs and appropriate training methods. Analysis of the interviews revealed three main themes: 1) high-performing environment 2) deliberate focus on growth and development; 3) obstacles to creating a tennis culture. We discuss the difficulties associated with transferring a successful development programme to a different environment and conclude with some key points for implementation
Negative immune regulation contributes to disease tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster
Get PDFDisease tolerance is an infection phenotype where hosts show relatively high health despite harbouring elevated pathogen loads. Variation in the ability to reduce immunopathology may explain why some hosts can tolerate higher pathogen burdens with reduced pathology. Negative immune regulation would therefore appear to be a clear candidate for a mechanism underlying disease tolerance. Here, we examined how the negative regulation of the immune deficiency (IMD) pathway affects disease tolerance in Drosophila melanogaster when infected with four doses of the gram-negative bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas entomophila. We find that while flies unable to regulate the IMD response exhibited higher expression of antimicrobial peptides and lower bacterial loads as expected, this was not accompanied by a proportional reduction in mortality. Instead, ubiquitous UAS-RNAi knockdown of negative regulators of IMD (pirk and caudal) substantially increased the per-pathogen-mortality in both males and females across all tested infectious doses. Our results therefore highlight that in addition to regulating an efficient pathogen clearance response, negative regulators of IMD also contribute to disease tolerance
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