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Hypertension in pregnancy and in midlife and the risk of dementia: prospective study of 1.3 million UK women
No full textRevised Diagnostic Criteria for Vascular Cognitive Impairment and Dementia—The VasCog-2-WSO Criteria
No full textImportance Several sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed for vascular cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). The International Society for Vascular Behavioural and Cognitive Disorders (VasCog) working group published comprehensive operationalized criteria in 2014. Considering subsequent advances in the field, a revision was needed.Objective To update the VasCog criteria to achieve consensus on diagnosis of VCID.Design, Setting, and Participants VasCog criteria and other published diagnostic guidelines, aided by literature review of recent developments in VCID, were used as reference points for an online Delphi survey (minimum 3 rounds, ≥75% threshold for agreement), including operationalization of criteria and guidance on potential biomarkers. Seventy international experts from diverse international regions were invited to participate in 2023.Results Three survey rounds included 49 to 54 participants that agreed on VasCog-2 diagnostic criteria for preclinical, mild, and major dementia levels of vascular cognitive impairment (under the overarching term VCID). Research guidelines, including the use of novel neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers, were also agreed on. The World Stroke Organization (WSO) endorsed the criteria, hence named VasCog-2-WSO.Conclusions and Relevance The VasCog-2-WSO criteria update the VasCog criteria for the diagnosis of VCID, providing operationalization and additional guidance on potential neuroimaging and fluid biomarkers. VasCog-2-WSO should provide an international standard for VCID diagnosis, facilitating diagnostic consistency among clinicians and researchers
Incidence and natural history of very early onset inflammatory bowel disease in Scotland: National and regional cohort studies
No full textABSTRACTBackground: Very-early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEOIBD; diagnosed under six years old) has attracted considerable attention in recent years, with monogenic forms providing insight into immune dysregulation. However, the majority of VEOIBD patients have a classical polygenic phenotype and a similar disease course to older children.Methods: To assess the incidence trends of VEOIBD in Scotland from 1981 to 2014, and to describe the natural history, phenotype, and treatment burden of VEOIBD in a regional cohort from South-East Scotland (1997 2021).Results: Nationally 128/1567 (8.1%) incident paediatric IBD patients (<16 years at diagnosis) were VEOIBD; 10/128 (8%) were diagnosed <2 years of age. The incidence of VEOIBD rose from 0.64 (1981-1985) to 2.73 per 100,000/year (2011-2014)(p=0.002), an incidence rate ratio of 4.3 (95% CI 2.4 8.3). The average annual percentage change was 3.9% (95% CI 2.1 5.7; p<0.05). Crohn's disease (CD) was the most common subtype (63%); median age at diagnosis was 4.4 years. The regional cohort (n=46) had a median follow-up of 11.9 years. CD casespresented with isolated colonic involvement in 47%, with pancolitis present in 64% of ulcerative colitis cases. Treatment exposures included immunosuppression (76%), 4 corticosteroids (67%) and anti-TNF therapies (50%). 11% were on no IBD-specific therapy at last follow-up, 11% required surgery and no patient had a diagnosis of monogenic IBD (mIBD), cancer or death.Conclusions:Scotland has a high incidence of VEOIBD with mIBD exceptionally rare. Although VEOIBD disease burden is high, treatment outcomes are broadly similar to those diagnosed later in childhood based on previous studies
Diagnostic status influences rapport and communicative behaviours in dyadic interactions between autistic and non-autistic people
No full textStatic Analysis to Make the Most of CHERI C/C++ for Existing Code:Improving Memory Safety at Scale
No full textWe describe and evaluate custom static analyses to support transitioning existing C/C++ codebases to CHERI hardware. CHERI is a novel architectural extension, implemented for RISC-V and AArch64, that uses capabilities to provide fine-grained memory protection and scalable software compartmentalization. While the existing CHERI toolchain can recompile large code collections for the platform with only a few source changes, those changes are nonetheless critical: we demonstrate that static analysis can help to identify where they are needed and what must be done to avoid later runtime faults. We provide custom checkers for the Clang Static Analyzer to handle capability alignment, copying through memory, and manipulation as integers. Beyond simply picking up problems in existing code, we also have checkers that identify where code can take advantage of capabilities to better enforce least privilege and improve spatial memory safety. We evaluate all implemented checkers on a sample of packages from the CheriBSD ports library (408 packages, "Equation missing" analyzed) and confirm by analyzing true-positive warning rates that the reports produced are sufficiently high quality for practical use
Ethical AI governance:AI for society and a co-learning approach
No full textArtificial intelligence (AI) presents transformative opportunities and complex ethical challenges. This paper adopts a socio-technical perspective, emphasizing that AI is not an isolated technology but rather deeply embedded in evolving societies. It critiques governance models, particularly rule-based approaches in the West, which, whilst addressing some risks, often stifle innovation and fail to engage diverse societal needs. This paper proposes an alternative framework integrating Western risk-management strategies with Chinese ethical principles rooted in Confucianism and Daoism. These principles emphasize dynamics, flexibility, relational stakeholder participation, and context-sensitive solutions to align AI with societal and environmental goals. The proposed model advocates for a co-learning approach to AI ethics, recognizing the dynamic interactions among developers, users, policymakers, and the public. By fostering participatory governance and adaptive ethical frameworks, it addresses both known and unknown risks while promoting equitable, sustainable development. It calls for cooperation to harness AI's transformative potential, ensuring it evolves in ways that benefit society and mitigate harm
Social media activism and digital authoritarian drift in flawed democracies:The case of Indonesia
Get PDFIndonesia is categorized as a flawed democracy country by the Economist Intelligence Unit. It is currently experiencing a shift toward digital authoritarianism. The rise of social media activism in the country since the early 2010s has been followed by the government's increasing efforts to curtail civic spaces through various instruments of digital repression, including surveillance, internet shutdowns, legal actions, and online manipulation, facilitate by so-called buzzers—paid online operatives who disseminate counter-discourses to influence public opinion. The government's ongoing efforts to suppress online activities pose a threat to the country's democratic process. Activists and concerned public members have played a significant role in raising awareness of the country's democratic regression through their “imagined affordances” of social media. It is of critical importance to continually remind the citizens of their capabilities and their role as vigilant overseers of the government in the endeavor to uphold democracy. Social media activism in Indonesia may not necessarily democratize the political landscape; however, it plays a crucial role in raising public awareness and educating citizens about the nation's political situation, as well as informing them on how to respond and engage with it
The case(s) of Thomasine Ostler:Gender, fiction, and theatre history in common law court records
Get PDFThis article asks what theatre historians can (and can’t) learn from the records of Thomasine Ostler in the court of King’s Bench between 1615 and 1619, during which period Ostler filed suit not only against her father, the actor John Heminges, but also the son of Walter Raleigh. Ostler’s name is not unfamiliar to scholars, but neither she nor the enrolments of her suits have been examined in detail, and both have been misunderstood or simply overlooked. The article hinges on a new way of working with the plea rolls of England’s common law courts, whose Latin entries have long been seen as limited repositories of ‘essential facts’ to be extracted from ‘smokescreens of formalism and legal fiction’. This article argues instead that plea rolls should be understood as sites of fiction-making, and uses Ostler’s suits to show why their constitution of character and plot should matter to theatre historians. The article thereby casts light on not just the ownership of playhouse shares contested by Ostler and Heminges, but the actions, motivations, and interpersonal relationships of all three parties in Ostler’s suits. It also challenges scholars to re-think the value of plea rolls as sources for women’s lives and stories.<br/
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