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Glossary for research on human crowd dynamics - 2nd edition
Get PDFPedestrian and crowd dynamics involves multiple disciplines, including computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, bio-mechanics, psychology, social science and more. For effective collaboration between disciplines, researchers need a common understanding of key concepts. To address this challenge, A Glossary for Human and Crowd Dynamics was published six years ago, providing researchers with a valuable reference for cross-disciplinary communication.We now present the second version, which includes 53 new concepts and 12 revisions from the first glossary, collaboratively developed by 65 contributors from various disciplines and regions around the world through a multi-stage process. This process involved identifying new concepts not covered in the first glossary and suggesting revisions to existing entries, voting on proposed additions and modifications, writing definitions for the selected concepts, and collaboratively revising and editing the entries.By introducing new terms and refining existing definitions, this glossary aims to facilitate clearer communication, improve conceptual consistency, and support collaboration among researchers working within the field of human and crowd dynamics from diverse perspectives
Hybrid silver–iron oxide nanoflowers: morphological tailoring, application as CT agents, and exploitation of induced apoptosis in glioblastoma treatment
Get PDFThe ability of cancer to develop drug-resistance, in parallel with the undesired effects of chemotherapy, has led to the development of safe nanoparticles characterized by multi-sensitivity. Herein we focus on the synthesis and exploitation of the synthetic route of hybrid silver–iron oxide Nfs and their successful coating with citrate. The parameters of the synthetic route affecting the uniform formation of the Nfs are investigated to optimize the experimental route and the attained Nfs. Most importantly, the study focuses on the evaluation of the Nfs as theranostic agents in the case of glioblastoma. The results suggest that the Nfs are good candidates for CT contrast agents, as the contrast is enhanced after treatment. The in vitro evaluation shows that the Nfs exhibit cytotoxicity towards glioblastoma cells, whereas no significant toxicity towards red blood cells is reported. Finally, internalization studies provide insight information that helps unveil the exact mechanism of action of the Nfs
Developmental relations between ADHD and self-esteem:Evaluating peer problems as a mediating mechanism
Get PDFPrevious research has suggested that adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms experience poorer self-esteem than their peers. Difficulties with peer problems may represent a key mediating mechanism. Using a large UK longitudinal study (the Millennium Cohort Study), we fit longitudinal mediation models (RI-CLPMs) across ages 11,14, and 17 (n = 4912 male, n = 4825 female) to examine the (bi-)directional relations among ADHD symptoms, peer problems, and self-esteem. We additionally examined the mediating role of peer problems in the developmental relation between ADHD symptoms and self-esteem. We found some evidence of reciprocal developmental associations between ADHD symptoms, peer problems, and self-esteem; however, peer problems did not mediate the links between ADHD symptoms and later self-esteem. Results suggest that there are inter-linkages between ADHD symptoms, peer problems and self-esteem that could be taken account of in interventions, such as addressing the self-esteem effects of peer problems in social skills interventions. Future research studies addressing the relations between ADHD symptoms, peer problems, and self-esteem over shorter time lags are also recommended
Overcoming preservation challenges to enable single-cell proteomics of fixed cell and tissue samples with retained proteome integrity
Get PDFThe ability to assay the molecular composition of biological systems with single-cell resolution has revolutionised our understanding of tissue heterogeneity and function. Recent advances in single-cell proteomics (SCP) now enable the unbiased quantification of the proteome to a depth of several thousand proteins across hundreds of cells. Yet the broader adoption beyond specialised groups remains limited due to the need for specific equipment and expertise. A major challenge in making these analyses more broadly available is sample preservation for transporting biological material to SCP-capable facilities. To address this issue and provide practical solutions; we first evaluated various cell preservation methods from monolayer culture samples, then tested our optimised methodology on both cultured cells and, for the first time, preserved animal tissue from an in vivo mouse model. Our findings highlight the feasibility of SCP analyses in preserved tissues, significantly expanding its current applicability. By optimising upstream processing, our approach enables robust single-cell proteome analysis of both cells and tissues, making SCP more accessible to the wider scientific community. Ultimately, this advancement expands the potential applications of SCP, particularly in disciplines where analysing rare or heterogeneous populations is beneficial
Leaf venation network evolution across clades and scales
Get PDFLeaf venation architecture varies greatly among living and fossil plants. However, we still have a limited understanding of when, why and in which clades new architectures arose and how they impacted leaf functioning. Using data from 1,000 extant and extinct (fossil) plants, we reconstructed approximately 400 million years of venation evolution across clades and vein sizes. Overall, venation networks evolved from having fewer veins and less smooth loops to having more veins and smoother loops, but these changes only occurred in small and medium vein sizes. The diversity of architectural designs increased biphasically, first peaking in the Paleozoic, then decreasing during the Cretaceous, then increasing again in the Cenozoic, when recent angiosperm lineages initiated a second and ongoing phase of diversification. Vein evolution was not associated with temperature and CO2 fluctuations but was associated with insect diversification. Our results highlight the complexity of the evolutionary trajectory and potential drivers of venation network architecture
Autistic traits and psychosocial predictors of depressive symptoms
Get PDFHigher rates of depression and of depressed mood are associated with autistic traits, and both are associated with social interaction factors, such as social self-efficacy, social motivation and loneliness. This study examined whether these social factors explain the association between autistic traits and depression. 658 participants (527 women) completed an online survey with measures of autistic traits (AQ), social self-efficacy (Social Self-Efficacy Scale), social motivation (Social Striving Assessment Scale), loneliness (UCLA Loneliness Scale) and depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II). A mediation analysis found the relationship between autistic traits and depressive symptoms was fully mediated by the other three factors (β[indirect] =.005, z = 2.63, p <.01; β[direct] =.05, z = 1.58, p >.05), forming a pathway from autistic traits, to social self-efficacy, to social motivation, to loneliness and finally to depressive symptoms. These results suggest that targeting social self-efficacy may break this pathway and disrupt this relationship. Interventions targeting supporting positive social interaction should be considered
Energy Calibration of the 2.5 MV Pelletron at the Dalton Cumbrian Facility
Get PDFWe report on the energy calibration of the 2.5 MV Pelletron accelerator at the Dalton Cumbrian Facility in England (UK) using five well-known resonances in the 27Al(p,γ)28Si reaction in the proton beam energy range of 632− 1800 keV. The beam energy spread was also measured and found to be 191(38) eV. Additionally, we checked the stability and reproducibility of the accelerator’s beam energy, confirming itssuitability for nuclear astrophysics experiments, especially in the high-energy regime of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis
Using the Welfare Quality® framework to develop a welfare assessment protocol for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Get PDFGood welfare is of inherent value to all captive animals and promotes species conservation objectives. Concern for animal welfare is growing globally, and research shows that animal welfare is a top priority for zoo visitors. There is, therefore, an urgent need for zoos to develop and validate species-specific welfare assessment tools with a shift in focus away from avoiding negative affective states, and towards promoting positive ones. This shift in emphasis requires the development of comprehensive and robust welfare assessment protocols incorporating species-specific indicators. This study aimed to identify and propose welfare indicators for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) that could be used to adapt the EU Welfare Quality® protocol for this species. A literature review was carried out according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the authors followed the principles of a systematic review to identify a comprehensive set of welfare indicators for this species. Overall, 14 animal-based and 16 resource-based indicators are proposed to assess the 12 criteria and four principles of Welfare Quality®. This study represents the first effort to adapt the EU Welfare Quality® protocol to assess captive chimpanzee welfare and illustrates how this protocol can be adapted to develop a taxon-specific welfare assessment tool once species-specific natural history and biology are considered
Long-term costs associated with healthcare use of people with cancer in Scotland
Get PDFBACKGROUND: Evidence for the long-term costs of cancer is limited, particularly in the Scottish population. Our aim was to better understand the long-term healthcare use and associated costs of cancer in Scotland, and their relationship with cancer survival.METHODS: This was a retrospective study using routine healthcare data to measure inpatient, outpatient, community prescription use and their costs from a national health service perspective. Per-episode incidence costs were assigned using reference costs and charted over eight years during the period 2009 to 2018 by year and phase of care. Risk factors for survival and costs were analysed using Cox regression and generalised linear model regression.RESULTS: In total, 55,807 adults with cancer were followed over eight years after their diagnosis. Trajectories indicated a complex relationship with survival. Mean cumulative per-patient costs for all cancers were £29,460 at 2017/18 price levels (95% CI £29,199 to £29,720). Considerable variation was observed between cancer types with the highest costs in non-Hodgkin lymphoma at £47,672 (95%CI £45,500 to £49,843) and the lowest in malignant melanoma of skin at £19,217, (95%CI £18,251 to £20,184). Variables negatively associated with costs tended to be positively associated with hazard of death. Only screening was significantly associated with both lower costs (adjusted cost ratio 0.85, p < 0.001) and lower hazard of death (adjusted hazard ratio 0.30, p < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS: Substantial costs were observed in all cancer types studied, with the highest costs measured in the year following diagnosis. Screening was associated with both lower costs and better survival, supporting the focus on early detection.</p
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