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Registered Report Stage I: Prioritizing sociability over morality:Preferring false empathic over truthful unempathic emotion communication
No full textLiterature on person perception suggests the primacy of morality over sociability in interactions. While theories of emotion highlight the importance of adhering to socially acceptable display rules, a contentious debate surrounds whether individuals prioritize moral or sociable communication of emotions. We investigated how people perceive and react to others who falsely communicate empathic versus truthfully communicate unempathic emotions related to others' (mis)fortunes. Through three preregistered studies, we examined participants' perceptions (sociability and morality) and behavioral reactions (in a Dictator Game) by employing various paradigms (vignette and retrospective recall) and situations (e.g., promotion and lottery). Consistently across our studies, we found that participants perceived targets who truthfully communicated unempathic emotions as higher on morality and lower on sociability compared to those who falsely communicated empathic emotions. Moreover, Studies 2 and 3 revealed that participants formed more favorable impressions of, and were more willing to interact with, the target who falsely communicated empathic emotions, as opposed to those who truthfully communicated unempathic emotions. This preference was explained by perceived morality and sociability attributed to the targets. Building on these findings, we propose two follow-up studies aimed at replicating our results and extending them to a laboratory setting – a Gamble Game where participants will directly encounter an actual (mis)fortune, and a Dictator Game with an allegedly real interaction partner. Our expected findings indicate that falsely communicating empathic emotions is favored over truthfully communicating unempathic emotions, suggesting the primacy of sociability over morality in the context of communicating emotions related to others' (mis)fortunes
Advances in MoS2 composites for electrocatalytic energy conversion: Synthesis, applications, and future perspectives in hydrogen, oxygen, nitorgen, and CO2 reactions
No full textThe significant increase in energy demand and environmental challenges requires sustainable technologies to preserve the climate and minimize CO2 emissions. Electrocatalysis for energy conversion applications, such as hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), oxygen evolution reaction (OER), nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR), and CO2 reduction reactions (CCR), are essential in renewable energy technologies. State-of-the-art catalysts are highly needed to enhance energy conversion efficiencies. Recently, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with its distinguished physiochemical properties has been verified as a potential energy conversion material for catalyzing electrochemical reactions, ensuring excellent performance.Aside from graphene, which is unsuitable in some fields due to its zero-energy bandgap, alternative 2D materials like MoS2 have been developed and investigated. MoS2 nanostructures, with a relatively brief history, are emerging as suitable candidates in several applications, especially in electrocatalysis. Enhancing charge transfer and combining MoS2 with other materials can improve energy and environmental application performance.The excellent electrocatalytic progress of MoS2-based composites has been reported alongside enhanced and tunable properties like rich active edges, high density of structural defects, excellent conductivity, well-defined size dispersion, good electrode contact, favorable exposed crystal facets, and maximized phases. These properties, critical in electrocatalysis, are reviewed herein.We describe different methodologies for preparing MoS2 composite materials, illustrating their advantages and limitations for catalysis applications. We discuss the figure of merit of MoS2 composite nanostructures in electrocatalysis and present the challenges and outlooks for this new material class based on recent developments and potential applications in energy and the environment, suggesting promising research directions for the future
Mechanisms linking cyberbullying victimisation to internalising problems in youth:A systematic review and meta-analytic structural equation modelling
No full textThere is a growing body of evidence indicating that cyberbullying victimisation (CV) among youth is associated with internalising problems, such as depression, anxiety, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidality. Despite numerous individual studies examining the mechanisms linking CV to internalising problems, no meta-analyses have systematically synthesised the evidence on mediating pathways, leaving a critical gap in understanding how CV is linked to these internalising problems. This systematic review and meta-analysis addressed this gap by identifying and synthesising key factors that influence the link between CV and internalising problems. We searched multiple databases, identifying 125 quantitative studies in English or Chinese that met our inclusion criteria. Our review categorised the mediators into emotional dysregulation, social support, cognitive processes, internalising problems, externalising problems and life stressors across cross-sectional and longitudinal studies with 260,608 participants from 33 countries. Separate meta-analytic structural equation modelling (MASEM) analyses revealed that emotional dysregulation, internalising problems, life stressors and social support partially mediated the impact of CV on depression/anxiety, and internalising problems partially mediated the association between CV and NSSI/suicidality. These findings highlight the need for prevention and intervention strategies focused on these mechanisms to improve youth mental well-being.</p
The longitudinal properties of the HCR-20:A systematic review
No full textA key objective in forensic mental healthcare is to manage risk of interpersonal violence. The use of structured professional judgement (SPJ) tools is intended to guide assessment of risk, and appraisal of treatment response. As such, measurement of violence risk is important in determining when patients are ready to progress to less restrictive environments. One of the most widely-used instruments for assessing risk of violence is the Historic-Clinical-Risk Management Scale – 20 (HCR-20). While the HCR-20 is commonly employed as a repeated measure, it remains unclear whether its scores are sensitive to changes in risk over time. This systematic review identified twelve studies investigating the measure's longitudinal properties, and examined whether the evidence suggests that it is sensitive to change. The included studies were all of reasonable quality, but with varying designs and timeframes. Findings suggest that the Clinical, Risk Management, and total scores of the HCR-20 typically decrease over time and concur with other SPJ measures. However, recorded decreases in scores tend to be very small, raising the question of their clinical significance. There was little evidence to suggest that a decrease in HCR-20 scores over time is associated with a decrease in the likelihood of subsequent violent recidivism. The results were highly heterogeneous, and factors contributing to this variation are discussed.</p
Thermal response of hybrid steel-timber floor cross-sections exposed to standard fire: experimental and numerical investigations
Full text linkHybrid systems that combine steel beams with cross-laminated timber (CLT) floor slabs can be vulnerable to fire, given the combustible nature of timber. Specifically, when unprotected, heat from a fire can conduct through steel beams to the CLT panels, which in turn may experience loss of mechanical properties, and possible charring (and combustion) in the connection zone between the CLT panel and the steel beam. Accordingly, this paper aims to establish thermal profiles in hybrid steel-timber floor cross-sections exposed to fire through experimental and numerical investigations. Results from fire tests and numerical validation studies on hybrid cross-sections exposed to a standard fire are presented; a total of six experiments with unprotected, partially protected, and fully protected steel sections were conducted following an ISO 834-1 standard fire exposure. Furthermore, a two-dimensional numerical heat transfer model was developed using SAFIR software, to predict the evolution of temperatures in the hybrid cross-section. The results confirm that passive fire protection of the steelwork using intumescent coatings plays a key role in determining the extent of charring in the connection region between the CLT panel and the steel section. In addition, temperature predictions from the developed numerical model show reasonable agreement with the experimental measurements
Anticipatory action and pastoralism in Africa: a synthesis of current challenges, opportunities and priorities
No full textThis article synthesises the current situation vis-à-vis the aid modality of anticipatory action in pastoralist settings. Broadly comprising pre-planned, pre-financed interventions triggered by early warning systems and aimed at reducing the impacts of crises, anticipatory action has been effective at reducing the impact of shocks in multiple settings (particularly sudden-onset shocks such as floods and cyclones). However, it has seemingly failed to achieve as significant an impact in mobile, livestock herding areas, where recurrent drought – a slow onset disaster – is a defining ecological feature. To understand this limited success, the article explores the distinct challenges posed by the socio-economic and ecological dynamics of the drylands, where crises are never uniform or unilinear and are thus extremely difficult to make predictions amidst. Surveying diverse evidence and perspectives, it highlights some of the unique characteristics of pastoral livelihoods, which set them apart from other forms of subsistence in ways that are critical to the conceptualisation and implementation of assistance programmes. In doing so, it examines cross-cutting themes of central significance to the future of anticipatory action in the drylands, identifying key uncharted areas for future enquiry and new potentials that might be unlocked through novel approaches to programming and intervention
The impacts of personal care product pollution on seagrass (Zostera marina) health
No full textThe presence and proliferation of seagrass play a significant role in the condition of marine ecosystems. However, the total area of seagrass coverage has declined significantly in many places worldwide. In addition to environmental and developmental pressures, combined sewage overflows (CSOs) may be a significant additional stressor to seagrass growth and function. CSOs are a primary driver for surface water runoff and other sewage problems releasing low-quality water into the ocean. Personal care products (PCPs) are often found within wastewater and could contain harmful chemicals to the coastal environment. Here, four shampoos with different potentially harmful chemical contents were tested for their ecotoxicity to Zostera marina seedlings and juveniles at three concentrations. Shampoos A and B represented conventional commercial products containing synthetic surfactants and preservatives, while shampoos C and D were environmentally marketed formulations with milder or plant-derived ingredients. Blade lengths, photosynthesis yields, germination rates, and colour (RGB) values of the specimens were measured as health indicators. There was substantial breakage in addition to browning of blades recorded following exposure to the highest shampoo concentrations. The browning and blackened blades had significantly lower or no photosynthetic capacity while the remaining living blades maintained effective photosynthetic capacity. The germination study showed early germination in seeds exposed to higher concentration solutions and less germination overall compared to the control. These results emphasise the importance of gaining a better understanding of the potential effects that wastewater runoff and dumping events have on seagrass meadows. Building on this knowledge base will improve management and regulation enforcement strategies. Future monitoring efforts should include investigations into the concentration of shampoo residues found in both treated and unfiltered sewage
Deep Learning Joint Extremes of Metocean Variables Using the SPAR Model
Full text linkThis article presents a novel deep learning framework for estimating multivariate joint extremes of metocean variables, based on the Semi-Parametric Angular-Radial (SPAR) model. When considered in polar coordinates, the problem of modelling multivariate extremes is transformed to one of modelling an angular density, and the tail of a univariate radial variable conditioned on angle. In the SPAR approach, the tail of the radial variable is modelled using a generalised Pareto (GP) distribution, providing a natural extension of univariate extreme value theory to the multivariate setting. In this work, we show how the method can be applied in higher dimensions, using a case study for five metocean variables: wind speed, wind direction, wave height, wave period and wave direction. The angular variable is modelled empirically, while the parameters of the GP model are approximated using fully-connected deep neural networks. Our data-driven approach provides great flexibility in the dependence structures that can be represented, together with computationally efficient routines for training the model. Furthermore, the application of the method requires fewer assumptions about the underlying distribution(s) compared to existing approaches, and an asymptotically justified means for extrapolating outside the range of observations. Using various diagnostic plots, we show that the fitted models provide a good description of the joint extremes of the metocean variables considered
Care Home Stakeholder Perspectives on Data Sharing and Linkage: Search and Data Extraction
No full textThe data deposited relate to a rapid scoping review that I conducted under the Advanced Care Research Centre as part of my Individual Project in Ageing and Care. The following is a draft abstract for a pending publication of this review: "Since the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted inadequacies in the collection, access, and use of health and social care data across the United Kingdom (UK), the topics of ‘data sharing’ and ‘data linkage’ have gained greater importance. Yet, the sharing and linkage of social care data, especially that from care homes, remains underexplored. To address the limited understanding of care home stakeholders’ perspectives on data sharing and linkage, a rapid scoping review was conducted to map the extent and range of existing evidence on the topic and identify gaps in the literature. Searches were conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews to identify studies on stakeholders’ needs, views, and experiences of data sharing or linkage in the UK care home sector. After removing 322 duplicates, 543 studies were screened. The remaining 11 studies identified key barriers, facilitators, and opportunities to improve data sharing and linkage within the UK care home sector. The findings displayed that, while there are similarities between health and social care data sharing and linkage, further research is required to provide nuanced insights into the specific needs of the care home sector
Metastatic gastric squamous cell carcinoma in a western grey kangaroo
Full text linkAn adult male western grey kangaroo (Macropus fuliginosus) developed lameness, a stiff gait, and weight loss, and deteriorated despite medical treatment. Postmortem examination revealed a primary gastric squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with associated cardiac, pulmonary, diaphragmatic, hepatic, and vertebral metastases with lytic bone lesions. Before histologic examination, the macroscopic appearance of the liver lesions had raised concerns about mycobacteriosis. Metastatic gastric SCC has not been reported previously in a western grey kangaroo, to our knowledge
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