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MOLECULAR DETECTION OF RAW MEAT FOR SOME ANIMAL SPECIES USING RFLP-PCR TECHNIQUE
Full text linkMitochondrial cytochrome b gene plays a serious role in studying adulteration of meat species. This research study designed to distinguish the raw meat species of sheep, goat, cattle and donkey using RFLP-PCR technique of a universal cyt b gene 359bp. Ten indigenous samples were collected from each animal in different parts of the body. All the samples were processed for DNA isolation and amplified with a Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplicons were cleavage with HinfI and RsaI restriction enzymes, digestion of PCR product resulted in production of specific characterization bands for each species then analyzed by agarose electrophoresis. HinfI RE created three fragments for sheep, goat and cattle, with some similarities in a few bands between them, while yielded two bands for donkey. RsaI RE produced two bands for all species with different length except sheep and goats have the same length. Thus, results recommend that the RFLP-PCR technique with HinfI and RsaI play an important role to detect the animal meat species, since it is a fast, simple and easily handle method for identification of animal species
APPLICATIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD PROCESSING AND PACKAGING
Full text linkNanotechnology is a rising revolution with enormous potential in a variety of professions, including medicine and mechanics, also the food industry, and the definition of this technology is the study of creating and processing substances at nanoscales, where the characteristics vary from those seen at bigger scales such as atomic and molecular levels. In this article, we gathered information about nanoscience from previous reviews and studies. Lately, nanoparticle delivery devices have been discovered where they transport functional substances, food ingredients and additives to specific locations. Although nanotechnology is a promising prospect with advanced applications varying from increasing the mechanical strength of packaging materials to delivering functional substances to food, more efforts are needed to conduct a detailed investigation in the nanofood system and raise consumer understanding. This review aims to shed light on the important applications of nanotechnology in food processing and food packaging including improved, active, and smart packaging
INFLUENCE OF FOLIAR APPLICATION OF ATONIK ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD OF TWO PEA (Pisum sativum L.) CULTIVARS
Full text linkThe study was carried out at Grdarasha field in Erbil from November 4th of 2019 to April 20th, 2020.The purpose of this study was to study different levels of foliar spray of Atonik (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1 ml.L-1) affected the growth and yield of two pea cultivars (Utrillo and Nihal). The majority of the parameters investigated yielded significant outcomes. Cultivars had a substantial reaction on some of the tests, according to the findings. Parameters of pea vegetative growth and yield, the Utrillo cultivar produced the best results. Furthermore, Atonik foliar spraying had a considerable impact. The number of leaves and branches has the biggest influence on vegetative parameters (110.74 and 2.69 respectively), according to the findings (1ml.L-1). From 0.2 ml.L-1 of Atonik the maximum values of vegetative growth, fresh weight, and total chlorophyll were recorded. Atonik foliar spraying also improved yield parameters significantly. However, at 0.2 ml.L-1 of Atonik, the highest numbers of seeds per pod, yield per plant, yield per plot, and yield per hectare (6.00, 0.16 kg, 1.00 kg, and 1.68 tons, respectively) were obtained. Meanwhile, the majority of vegetative development and yield indices, particularly Nihal, exhibited a substantial response to Atonik treatment
EVALUATING THE PERFORMANCE OF A HAMMER MILL THROUGH USING DIFFERENT TYPES OF LOCALLY MANUFACTURED HAMMERS
Full text linkThe study has investigated the effects of three factors, which were feeding rate, the rotational speed, and the type of used hammers on the some important indicators that could reflecting the performance of the hammer mill. These indicators were: grinding fineness (%), productivity (Kg hr-1), and consumed energy (KW). The experiment parameters were organized using a Randomized Complete Design (CRD) with three replications. The results showed that by increasing the feeding rate from 2 cm up to 4 cm, the fineness of grinding, productivity and energy consumed for both crops increased. The results also indicated that by increasing the rotational speed, the productivity and energy consumption increased, while the speed of 2154 rpm achieved the fineness grinding of barley and corn. The results also indicated that the use of conventional hammer led to the highest value concerning the fineness of grinding, and to the highest energy consumptions for both crops, barley, and corn. As for productivity, the manufactured hammer led to the highest values for both crops. However, considering the triple interaction between the studied factors (grinding fineness, productivity, and consumed energy), the manufactured hammer led to the highest value in productivity. The study has investigated the effects of three factors, which were feeding rate, the rotational speed, and the type of used hammers on the some important indicators that could reflecting the performance of the hammer mill. These indicators were: grinding fineness (%), productivity (Kg hr-1), and consumed energy (KW). The experiment parameters were organized using a Randomized Complete Design (CRD) with three replications. The results showed that by increasing the feeding rate from 2 cm up to 4 cm, the fineness of grinding, productivity and energy consumed for both crops increased. The results also indicated that by increasing the rotational speed, the productivity and energy consumption increased, while the speed of 2154 rpm achieved the fineness grinding of barley and corn. The results also indicated that the use of conventional hammer led to the highest value concerning the fineness of grinding, and to the highest energy consumptions for both crops, barley, and corn. As for productivity, the manufactured hammer led to the highest values for both crops. However, considering the triple interaction between the studied factors (grinding fineness, productivity, and consumed energy), the manufactured hammer led to the highest value in productivity.  
PRODUCTION OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM LOCAL ISOLATES OF Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae
Full text linkFourteen local isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae were isolated from root nodules of Vicia faba plants collected from agricultural soils of different regions of Nineveh Governorate/Iraq. Six isolates with mucoid colonies were selected as follows: WS14, WS15, WS18, WS21., WS23 and WS26. These local isolates were incubated for periods 1, 2, 3 and 4 days. Dry biomass weight and exopolysaccharide (EPS) (g/L) were recorded. Results revealed that WS18 isolate was the best among the six mentioned isolates of R. leguminosarum biovar viciae, which it gave the maximum production of EPS (6.31 g/L) after two days of incubation. Maximum dry biomass w1.22 g/L after three days of incubation by the same isolate. The effect of addition of different carbon sources to yeast extract mannitol (YEM) broth medium on EPS production by WS18 isolate showed that mannitol, as carbon source was the best for production of EPS (6.36 g/L), after two days of incubation. Two percent was the optimal concentration of mannitol which supported the maximum production of EPS (9.67 g/L) after two days of incubation. The effect of addition of different nitrogen sources at 0.10 % concentration to YEM broth medium (supplement with 2.0 % mannitol) revealed that NaNO3 gave the best production which reached to 12.94 g/L after two days of incubation. The effective concentration of NaNO3 support the maximum production was 0.1 %.
PRODUCTION OF EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE FROM LOCAL ISOLATES OF Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar viciae
 
EFFECT OF SPRAYING WITH SALICYLIC ACID AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE ON THE YIELD CHARACTERISTICS OF CORM AND CORMLETS FOR THREE CULTIVARS OF Gladiolus X hortulanus L
Full text linkThis experiment was carried out in the shade of the green network of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul, for the period from Apr. 11, 2019 to Sept. 30, 2019, with the aim of producing corm and cormlets in the summer of three varieties of Gladiolus X hortulanus L. They are: "Break of dawn" White flowers, "Espresso" with red flowers, and "Blue frost" with purple flowers after being treated with salicylic acid (SA) at 0 and 250 mg.l-1, as well as treatment with calcium chloride in three concentrations: 0 , 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 by spraying them on the foliage twice. The Factorial Experiment conducted by RCBD. The results show that the red cultivar recorded the largest weight of the corm was 28.98 g, its volume was 34.01 cm3, its diameter was 4.94 cm, and the number of cormlets was 12.33. per plant, the size of the cormlets is 13.52 cm3. Spraying with salicylic acid at 250 mg.l-1 had a significant effect in recording the largest values for the corm diameter and their volume. Treatment with calcium chloride at both concentrations 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 resulted in a significant increase in the corm weight, its diameter and the volume of cormlets. The treatment with calcium chloride at 1000 mg.l-1 caused to record the largest values for the number of cormlets are 9.53 cormlet. pl-1, while the treatment with calcium chloride at 500 mg.l-1 increased of the corm volume is 27.68 cm3. The red cultivar plants treated with or without salicylic acid interact with calcium chloride at 500 mg.l-1 was gave the best grade of corms ranked 7.00 (Jumbo)
PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AS ANTIOXIDANTS ON POULTRY: (Article Review)
Full text linkAntioxidants have an important and vital function in preserving animal health and have a special role in animal physiological, reproductive, and productive performance. In general, poultry are subjected to a wide and varied range of stressors, including environmental, biological, nutritional, and productive stresses. These stresses frequently occur in quick and intensive poultry production systems, causing health issues related to their physiological and productive performance that may increase the formation of free radicals, which in turn cause lipid peroxidation, leading to a decline in their physiological and productive performance. Therefore, it requires an antioxidant system that can delay the initiation or slow the going rate of harmful oxidative reactions and prevent cellular and molecular damage that results from the influence of free radicals in the cellular metabolism process. Phytochemicals, which are plant-derived non-vitamin, non-mineral substances such as flavonoids and carotenoids, are considered dietary non-enzymatic antioxidants that play a protective role against oxidative reactions and minimize the effects of the body's oxidative stress, which supports the animal's physiological productive efficiency and health
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECT OF USING DIFFERENT HARVESTING METHODS ON THE INDICATORS OF POTATO CROP LOSS
Full text linkAn experiment was conducted in Nineveh, Iraq. The study evaluates the efficacy of three methods for harvesting potato crops (Semi-Mechanized Harvesting, which includes single-row and two-row harvesting, and manual harvesting). Evaluation through study effects of ways on the undamaged tubers, severely damaged tubers, slightly damaged tubers, qualitative loss, quantitative loss, produced tubers, the time of the harvest process, and harvest costs with the total loss which goes in line with each method). The best performance was obtained for semi-mechanized harvest (2-row harvesters); it recorded the lowest percentage of severely damaged tubers of 0.2 ton. ha-1 and the highest rate of lifted tubers was 24.6 ton. ha-1. The production of the best sample about 25.49 ton. ha-1 while the highest productivity about 2.24 ha. h-1. Moreover, the lowest harvest costs were 4.5. ha-1. Finally, in the manual harvesting process, the farmer needs 45 workers to complete per hectare within an hour
The Functional Results of Surgical Percutaneous Joystick Reduction Therapy for Isolated Severely Angulated Radial Neck Fracture in Children
No full textBackground: Radial neck fractures in children account for 5 to 10% of all elbow fractures in children. They are extra-articular fractures of the radius proximal to the bicipital tuberosity. The physis is typically involved as a Salter-Harris I or II pattern. Alternatively, the fracture sometimes is extraphyseal, through the metaphysis. In children there is considerable potential for remodeling after these fractures. Up to 30° of radial head tilt and up to 3 mm of transverse displacement are acceptable. Many modalities of treatment are available regarding Surgical &Non-Surgical treatments. Objectives: To evaluate the functional outcome after surgical percutaneous joystick reduction therapy of severely angulated radial neck fracture in children. Type of the study: A prospective study. Methods: During the period between February/2012 and May/2015, we made a prospective study of (18) patients suffered from O′Brien type II&III radial neck fracture with severe angulation that require surgery seen at Al-Kindy Teaching Hospitals. However, we select a group of children who had more than 30° of Radial head angulation really cannot treated by conservative method. Angulated radial neck fractures in children reduced with a percutaneous Kirschner wire. We select of surgical procedure after failure of thumbing intraoperatively. The primary indication for surgery was changing type II&III to typeI which can go on in manage conservatively. Results: All the (18) patients treated with percutaneous pinning techniques were followed-up, clinically and radiographically evaluated pre-surgery, post-surgery and finally (6) months after surgery. The mean angulation of the fractures was 64° (30° - 90°) before reduction and 10°(0° - 22°) after reduction. Mean fracture displacement after reduction in all cases was less than 3 mm. Range of Motion (ROM) in flexion, extension, pronation and supination was the functional parameter in our study as graded by (the grading system of Steele). We obtained an outcome of excellent results in 15 patient (83%), good results in 3 patients (17%) and we have no fair or poor results. Conclusions Percutaneous Joystick Reduction Techniqueusing K-wire in children with radial neck fractures is a safe, short, easy procedure requires only good technical measures, minimally invasive in nature with minimal hospitalization time, has a minimal morbidity and complication rates, it is recommended surgical treatment that can achieve recovery of normal radial neck angulation, elbow motion and yielding excellent results
Integration of Biomechanics and Digital Technology: Using Kinovea for Motion Analysis and Learning for Beginner Athletes
No full textBackground: The integration of biomechanics with digital motion-analysis technologies has introduced new approaches for examining movement efficiency, kinematic characteristics, and technical patterns in walking and running activities. Kinovea, as an accessible motion-analysis software, provides both visual and quantitative feedback. However, its application in supporting technique development among beginner athletes remains insufficiently explored.
Aim: This study aims to describe the use of Kinovea in biomechanics training and examine its contribution to the awareness of kinematic characteristics and movement techniques among beginner athletes.
Methods: A descriptive qualitative design involved 72 beginner athletes aged 18–25 years selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected over 16 weeks through interviews, field observations, and motion video recordings analyzed using Kinovea. Kinematic data focused on joint angles, stride behavior, and movement phases during walking, running, and the flight phase. Qualitative data were analyzed using content analysis with NVivo 12, while kinematic results were interpreted descriptively to identify performance patterns and areas for technical refinement.
Result: Kinematic analysis showed coordinated joint-angle patterns across all phases. Walking analysis identified arm swing angles of 50.9°–58.8° and leg separation angles of 64.3°–67.2°, indicating a stable gait rhythm. The running analysis revealed knee angles of 68.8°–69.8° and elbow angles of 87.6°–89.1°, indicating efficient propulsive mechanics. The flight phase demonstrated knee angles of 81.2°–87.8° and elbow angles of 80.4°–88.3°, suggesting effective momentum use and postural stability. These measurements supported stride-efficiency assessment and technique evaluation. Qualitative findings revealed that Kinovea enabled athletes to interpret movement phases and identify technical inefficiencies through slow-motion and frame-by-frame visualization.
Conclusion: Kinovea supports basic motion analysis by providing clear kinematic information and helping beginner athletes observe and refine their movement techniques. The findings also offer practical value for coaches by enabling more precise identification of inefficient patterns and guiding targeted corrections during early-stage training
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