Journals from University of Tartu
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Raseduse katkestamise suundumused ja naiste kogemused seoses raseduse katkestamise tervishoiuteenusega Eestis
Get PDFTaust. Raseduse turvalise katkestamise kättesaadavus ennetab naiste tervisekahjusid. Kliiniline praktika, mis arvestab isiku autonoomiat, võrdset kohtlemist ja mittediskrimineerimist, on inimõigus. Eestis on raseduse katkestamine tervishoiuteenus, mille kohta on regulaarselt kogutud andmeid raseduse infosüsteemi, mis võimaldab analüüsida suundumusi alates 1990ndatest. Siiani ei ole analüüsitud naiste kogemusi seoses raseduse katkestamise tervishoiuteenusega.Eesmärk. Uuringu eesmärk on kirjeldada ja analüüsida muutusi seoses raseduse katkestamisega ning selgitada välja naiste kogemused seoses raseduse katkestamise tervishoiuteenusega, sealhulgas võimalik COVID-19-pandeemia mõju raseduse katkestamise kättesaadavusele.Metoodika. Raseduse infosüsteemi andmete põhjal kirjeldati valitud abortide näitajate suundumusi, sh kirurgilise ja medikamentoosse abordimeetodi kasutamist. Rahvastikupõhiste läbilõikeliste Eesti naiste tervise uuringu vastajate hulgast kaasati raseduse katkestamise kogemusega 16–59aastased vastajad (n = 1328) 2024. aastal, võrdluseks 16–44aastased vastajad 2004. (n = 933) ja 2014. (n = 426) uuringuaastal. Analüüsiti vastajate kogemusi seoses abordi kohta selgituste saamisega, kohtlemisega tervishoiuasutuses ja rasestumisvastase nõuande saamisega. Andmeid kirjeldati suhteliste sageduste, seoseid binaarse logistilise regressioonanalüüsi abil.Tulemused. Perioodil 1994–2023 on abortiivsuskordaja vähenenud pea seitse korda, olles 1991. aastal 70,1 ja 2023. aastal 11,4. Peamine raseduse katkestamise meetod oli medikamentoosne (2023. aastal 93%). Kaks kolmandikku naistest on rahul viimase raseduse katkestamise kohta saadud selgitustega, rahulolu on kõrgem nooremate vastajate hulgas. Vastajatest 69–75% on rahul kohtlemisega tervishoiuasutuses. Enamik naisi, sh 18–24aastastest 93%, on saanud nõustamist rasestumisvastaste vahendite suhtes. Võrreldes 2004. aastaga oli vastajatel 2024. aastal suurem šanss olla väga rahul tervishoiutöötajalt saadud selgitustega raseduse katkestamise kohta – šansside suhte kordaja (odds ratio, OR) 4,5 (95% usaldusvahemik (uv) 3,4–6,0), võimalike raseduse katkestamisega seotud riskide kohta – OR 2,7 (95% uv 2,0–3,6) ja saada nõustamist rasestumisvastaste meetodite kohta – OR 9,6 (95% uv 7,3–12,7).Järeldused. Raseduse katkestamise näitajad on märkimisväärselt vähenenud sõltumata sündimuskordajatest. Peamine raseduse katkestamise meetod on olnud medikamentoosne. Vastajate rahulolu raseduse katkestamisel saadud selgituste, rasestumisvastase nõustamise ja kohtlemisega näitab, et nõustavaid meedikuid hinnatakse pigem kõrgelt. COVID-19-pandeemia aegsed piirangud käsitletud tervishoiuteenust negatiivselt ei mõjutanud
Ägedad polüneuropaatiad – Guillaini-Barré sündroom ja kuiv beriberi. Haigusjuhu kirjeldus
Get PDFPolüneuropaatia on sagedasti esinev haigus, mille diagnoosimine võib mõningatel juhtudel osutuda ka keerukaks. Diagnoosi aluseks on kliiniline leid, laboratoorsed analüüsid ning elektroneuromüograafiline uuring. Viimase põhjal saab määrata kahjustuse iseloomu (demüeliniseeriv vs. aksonaalne kahjustus), perifeersete närvide haaratuse raskust ning hinnata haiguse prognoosi. Artiklis on kirjeldatud kahte haigusjuhtu, mis iseloomustavad polüneuropaatiate võimalikku kiiret ja tõsist kulgu. Esimese haigusjuhu puhul on tutvustatud Guillaini-Barré sündroomi ning teise haigusjuhu näitel saab väita, et ka üldlevinult krooniliseks polüneuropaatiaks tituleeritud beriberi ehk B1-vitamiini (tiamiin) vaegusest tingitud polüneuropaatia kulg võib väljenduda ägeda haigusena
Laastukatuse vastupidavust mõjutavad tegurid
Get PDFIn the early 20th century, the traditional shingle roof became popular in the rural areas of Estonia as thatched roofs gradually fell into disuse. In the 1970s and 1980s, the shingle roof was replaced by asbestos cement, and in recent decades also by easily obtainable sheet metal roofing. In the present century, in the process of acquiring and reconditioning rural homes, shingle roofs have been rediscovered, although the tradition, which has meanwhile become almost obsolete, makes it quite difficult to find relevant practical know-how.
In interaction with the owners of country houses, different opinions have emerged regarding the durability of the shingle roof. According to the memories of older people, in their youth shingle roofs were often repaired and were not replaced until after 40 years. On the other hand, there are oral reports of shingle roofs completed at the beginning of this century that needed to be replaced as soon as after ten years.
This article assembles oral data from roof masters, site observation of farmhouse roofs, and the experiences of homeowners, with the aim of defining the life expectancy of the shingle roof, the factors affecting this and possible techniques for its extension. To collect the data, the authors conducted interviews with homeowners and roof masters from January to April 2024. The range of questions concerned the experience of the past few decades. In the second phase of the fieldwork, in April and May 2024, 20 shingle roofs, for which data on the construction and maintenance are available from at least the last 25 years, were photographed and described, mainly in southern Estonia.
The results show that the resistance of the gable roof of the traditional simple shape and angle of inclination (at least 40 degrees or steeper), and without valley gutters, is 10 years for each layer of shingles, provided that the techniques for placing and nailing shingles are appropriate and the roof is not located under large trees, which could lead to additional risks. The advantages of three-layer roofing are best seen in buildings with an uncompleted attic. Valley gutters tend to break down significantly earlier than the rest of the roof surface, the reason being a variety of construction deficits (the valley gutter too narrow and/or open too little, with no edges bent upward). The hips being covered by shingles does not affect the condition of the roof, although the place of risk is the penetrations that require special attention. Large trees growing in the vicinity of the roof significantly shorten its life expectancy.
The study did not confirm that a wider overlay increases the durability of the roof. However, the width of the overlay must be at least 3 cm so that the nails do not damage the shingles. When choosing a tree species for the shingles, it is recommended to refrain from using a conifer on the southern side of the roof. Aspen shingles are suitable for the roof regardless of cardinal direction, but aesthetically they leave something to be desired due to warping. The ridge board of the roof needs to be replaced after 10–12 years. However, use of a ridge board is strongly recommended to prevent ridge shingles from breaking down and water from entering between them.
The shingle roof is almost maintenance-free roofing. During the roof’s lifespan, the ridge board should be replaced as needed and the gutters should not become clogged with accumulated debris. The efficiency of roof tarring cannot be confirmed based on the data acquired so far. Spot repair of the roofing, while extending its lifespan, is only applicable on smaller roofs and within a few years.
The results of the study give homeowners an idea of the life expectancy of the shingle roof and the factors that affect it. Hopefully, this new knowledge will help people make a reasoned decision in favour of installing a shingle roof.
Keywords: shingle roof, roof shingle, traditional building, natural building materials, farm architecture, ethnographic fieldwor
Matsalu ühepuuvene ehk ussilaev
Get PDFMaking dugout boats from a single log involve some of the oldest construction traditions known on almost every continent. In Estonia, dugout boats have been common in all regions where the waterways were suitable for navigation. At the beginning of the 20th century, they were still found in three regions: the western part of Estonia; in the Kasari river basin and around Matsalu Bay in central Estonia in the Pärnu river basin; and to some extent on the lower Emajõgi and Ahja rivers.
While the Soomaa dugout boat has received a lot of attention thanks to UNESCO and the continuation of its building traditions, the Matsalu-type dugout boat is little known due to a lack of sources. However, Matsalu Bay and the Kasari river basin are a distinctive area due to their maritime influence, which therefore merits a more in-depth study of the Matsalu type dugout boat. Matsalu-type dugout boats differed from the boats used elsewhere in Estonia in that they were larger and often had an edge board attached to raise the sides. Other distinguishing features are the special triangular-shaped bow and stern, and the technology used to spread the sides of the boat. For example, while in Soomaa fire and water were used to spread dugout boats, in Matsalu they were generally spread using hot tar. This was done indoors in a traditional rehetuba, otherwise used mainly to dry grain. In contrast to Soomaa, where the tradition and production of dugout canoes has survived to the present day, Matsalu's dug out tradition died out in the first half of the last century. The main reason for this decline was the shortage of the old aspen trees that are suitable for manufacture.
The present article is an attempt to bring together the photographs and ethnographic records of Matsalu dugout canoes and to highlight their technical and cultural characteristics. In the first part of the article, I will briefly outline the historical and cultural background of the Matsalu and Kasar river basin and its impact on the spread of the dugouts. In the sec ond part, the specific features of the Matsalu dugout canoe and the stages of its construction will be discussed. In the final part, I will examine the various causes that led to the decline and disappearance of the Matsalu dugout. Since the aim of the article is to bring together various sources that mention the Matsalu dugout canoe, the most notable quotations will be presented in full.
Keywords: archaic boats, heritage technology, handicrafts, cultural heritage, woodworkin
On stasiosemiotics and semiostasis: Deleuze, Guattari and the potential of group phantasms for radical politics
Get PDFStasiosemiotics is made of two concepts: ‘stasis’ and ‘semiotics’. Stasis is a concept that refers to both the division of society and a suspension of time. As a branch of general semiotics, its specific focus, or object, is semiosis stasis, or semiostasis, which is technically impossible: by definition, semiosis is evergoing, continuous and infinite. Though paradoxical, semiostasis can nevertheless inspire a method to study sign systems and objects of which the meaning form is profound- ly intricate and temporally stratified. Among such inextricably complex objects shaping constellations of signs are phantasms and political fictions, or ‘group phantasms’ in Guattari’s terminology. Although on different levels, they both act as meaning condensers partaking in social subjectivation and alienation. Leaning on Deleuze and Guattari’s semiotics of phantasm, political philosophy and anthropology, and poetics, ‘stasis’ can be understood both in the political sense (civil strife, division of the political body) and in the aesthetical sense (standstill – as in ecstasy, ek-stasis: being out of oneself, out of ego, in suspended time). Stasiosemiotics aims to virtually suspend the motion of semiosis (or what Guattari calls ‘semiotic fluxes’) for the profit of an inquiry on the intricacies of signs formation and operation. The conclusion suggests ethical consequences regarding the consciousness of habit and implications for radical politics
Witnessing the Big Grey Man on the Scottish Peaks: Interpretations and Engagement with the Environment of the Mountain Summits
Get PDFThe Cairngorms are a mountainous area in the north-east of Scotland, with some of the highest peaks in Great Britain. The summits of these mountains are inhospitable to humans due to low temperature, intense winds, and other adverse weather conditions, but nevertheless they have been a common destination for mountaineers for more than a century. While on the summits of the Cairngorms, especially on the highest peak Ben MacDhui, some mountaineers have experienced uncanny and frightening sightings and sounds of a ghost-like human-like entity called the Big Grey Man.
How have mountaineers interpreted their alleged encounters with the Big Grey Man? What role does the environment of mountain summits have in the explanations and interpretations of th ese sightings? The present work addresses these questions, relying on archival materials about alleged encounters with the Big Grey Man and the author’s ethnographic research and interviews
The Workroom: The Vernacular Practice and Theorising of a Religious Group in Contemporary Northeast China
Get PDFThis article investigates a religious group in contemporary northeast China. The group is formed by ritual experts and adherents of a traditional folk belief in animal spirits. The group runs as an institution providing aid to those who need psychological treatment, mainly using unorthodox psychological methods and therapies. Most members of this group identify themselves as devout Buddhists. They have developed a series of innovative rituals and generated syncretic teachings combining folk beliefs, vernacular Buddhism, Chinese traditional medicine, and unorthodox psychology.
Based on primary fieldwork materials, this research regards this group as a unique religious phenomenon rooted in the particular sociocultural context of contemporary China. The structure and nature of the group is analysed from a folkloristic perspective, according to which the communicative process is highlighted. Two paradigms of the constitution of the group are examined: the network of interaction, and the community of intra-action. This research finds that the group is constituted in the dialogue of the two paradigms, which are unified by the coherence of the vernacular religion experienced by the members in everyday life
Cohomological descent of derived category and Fourier–Mukai to singular rational cohomology
Get PDFThis paper presents some nontrivial computational results on derived category and Fourier–Mukai technique in algebraic geometry. In particular, it aims at presenting calculations involving spherical twists as a certain class of Fourier–Mukai functors and its cohomological descent on the singular rational cohomology of smooth projective variety. The purpose of this investigation is to present a new perspective, based upon Fourier–Mukai technique, on solving classical problems involving characteristic classes: in particular, the Chern and the Euler characteristics
