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Abstracts of scientific presentations, Scand-LAS 2023 symposium Uppsala, Sweden: Scand-LAS symposium abstracts 2023
No full textThis paper is a collection of abstracts presented in the Scand-LAS symposium in Uppsala, Sweden in 25-28 April 2023
Thinking of the Ends of Things: The Porch as a Location of Morality and Mortality in the Late Medieval Wall Paintings of Rymättylä Church
No full textIn this article I analyse the late medieval wall paintings in RymättyläChurch (Finland), dated 1514. I focus on the wall paintings in theporch and the large Last Judgement painting on the east wall of thenave. The porch, considered a liminal zone, serves as a transitionalarea that marks the boundary between the secular outside world andthe sacred interior of the church. I argue that the morality motifsand the Mother of Mercy motif depicted in the wall paintings inthe porch prepared the viewers to enter the church and see the LastJudgement scene in the nave. The themes of bad morals and mercyin the images of the porch played an important role in reinforcingthe passion history of Christ and the salvation of the soul at the LastJudgement. Via images, the porch played a crucial role in reinforcingthe shared Christian worldview, as individuals passing through itsymbolically renew their commitment to this worldview. Drawingon the theories of liminality, as well as art historian Paul Binski’s ideas on cathedral portals, the article situates the porch within thebroader context of medieval art, highlighting the societal functionsof images therein
Dekadentsist, estetismist ja Karl Ristikivist / On Decadence, Aestheticism, and Karl Ristikivi
No full textTeesid: Artikli esimeses osas esitatakse kontseptuaalne arusaam 19.–20. sajandi vahetuse dekadentsist, käsitledes seda kui allakäigu kunstilise õilistamise esteetilist teooriat. Ühtlasi asetatakse sajandivahetuse dekadents avaramasse kultuuriajaloolisse allakäiguteooriate raamistikku. Artikli teises osas püstitatakse hüpotees Karl Ristikivi kirjanikukarakteri dekadentlikust iseloomust, põhjendades seda Ristikivi loomingule läbivalt omase teelolemise kujundiga, aga eeskätt Eesti kui koha puudumisega Ristikivi olulisimas, pagulasaja loomingus. Toetudes tõsiasjale, et allakäigu mõtet ajaloos on alati iseloomustanud riiklik-poliitilise mõtte nõrkus, visandatakse pilt Ristikivist kui dekadendist, ilmestades seda kõrvutuse kaudu Jaan Krossi ja Lennart Meriga.
This article consists of two parts. The first part undertakes to present the author's conceptual vision of decadence at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, claiming it to have been an essentially artistic ennoblement of decline based on a pre-eminently aesthetical configuration of representation. Alongside this assertion, an attempt is made to place the decadence of the turn of the century within a broader cultural-historical framework, with the aim of making 19th century decadence appear as an actor in a more ample story of thought about decline. Accordingly, the 19th century positive investment in the meaning of decadence is juxtaposed in the article with three historically prior approaches that are characterized not by wilful submission to decadence, as featured in the fin-de-siécle culture, but, quite the contrary, by their resisting decadence via proposing a way out of the deleterious situation it conveys. All three, actually along with fin-de-siécle culture, had drawn from the fall of ancient Rome as a prototype of decadence, but had interpreted it differently and with different proposals for a solution.
First, the idea of decadence could be embraced as part of a cyclical worldview, implying that the decline of a state and its culture is as legitimate a part of every historical process as is fall in the natural world. Accordingly, the Rome that collapsed once should be remedied and its culture transferred—translatio imperii—by the new generations and their states, be it the Carolingian or the Holy Roman Empire, or the Kingdom of France. Second, it could be stated (as in the case of Augustine) that the fall of a secular city is of minor importance as compared to the city of God, which actually gathers strength while the secular city loses it. From this point of view, the ability to read history from another perspective, besides a purely natural or human one, could make us notice ascension where we otherwise see only decline. Third, the stance taken by religious rationalism (Ernest Renan), namely, that decadence is too relative a term to be used for the description of humanity’s wayfaring, reflects the strong Enlightenment belief in the growth of human reason in time, which makes decadence in the long run an inappropriate and senseless concept for history studies.
The second part of the article develops the hypothesis that some eminent features of the oeuvre of Karl Ristikivi, related especially to his historical novels, can be viewed as evolving from the decadent nature of his writerly character. The claim builds, first, on the pervasive motif in Ristikivi of being on the road, made expressly manifest by the author in his announcement that his home and his roots are actually everywhere he has passed through in his life, not just in childhood nor in the homeland. Ristikivi’s trust in the immediacy of the senses and in the momentariness of action displays an affinity with decadent aestheticism, by being enacted, according to this article, in the same frame of coming to grips with reality in a morally deprived world. To accept reality, distorted or decadent, in artificial form is a way of providing it with sense through representative means.
A peculiar characteristic of Ristikivi’s historical novels created in exile is that they lack almost any contact with Estonia, be it understood in the sense of plot, characters, or milieu. The argument of the present article is that this substantial lack in the author, who is otherwise highly engaged in Estonian exile culture, mirrors the decadent distrust in the material world, which is compensated, again in a decadent way, by the signs of religious hope appearing under the overall decline of matter. Set side by side with the authors of historical fiction in contemporary Estonia, for example with Jaan Kross and Lennart Meri, whose wish to plead historical initiative in their works is undeniable—as is made manifest in their pretension to tell the historical truth about Estonia—, Ristikivi’s escapist attitude comes even more into relief. Actually, Ristikivi is not only missing Estonia but overturns in a decadent way some explanatory patterns that Estonian history writing used to lean on. Addressing the Medieval Crusades, a sensitive topic for Estonian history writing, not from the angle of their Northern unfolding, as would concern Estonians, but tackling them instead in idealist terms as events transpiring in the Holy Land, is a mark of relinquishing national history in favour of a decadent perspective, However, let it be stressed, the article asserts the decadence of Ristikivi in no other terms than in the typological sense of culture
Järelmõtteid dekadentsist, modernsusest, vabariiklusest / Reflections on decadence, modernity, republicanism
No full textRené Laënnec’s stethoscope: a rarity at Uppsala Medical History Museum
Get PDFRené Laënnec’s stethoscope: a rarity at Uppsala Medical History Museu
Digitehnoloogiaga rikastatud keelemängud varase eesti keele kui teise keele õppeks: õpetajate hinnangud ja arendustöö
Get PDFKoolieelses eas lapsed õpivad mängu abil, mistõttu on oluline, et varane keeleõpe toimuks mänguliselt ja sobivat õppevara kasutades. Digitehnoloogiaga rikastatud õppemängud kui üks õppevara liik on hea võimalus toetada laste keelelist arengut, kuna neid saab hõlpsasti lõimida lasteaia õppe- ja kasvatustegevustesse. Siinse uuringu eesmärk oli digitehnoloogiaga rikastatud keeleõppemängude arendustöös selgitada välja lasteaiaõpetajate hinnangud mängude sobivusele muukeelsete laste eesti keele õppe toetamiseks. Tuginedes ADDIE õpidisaini mudelile, loodi eesti keele kui teise keele õppeks 101 keeleõppemängu. Keeleõppemängude arendustöös osalesid lasteaiaõpetajad nendest Eesti piirkondadest, kus on enim muukeelseid lapsi. Õpetajad kasutasid rakendamise (n = 64) ja hindamise (n = 99) etappides mänge enda rühma 2–7-aastaste lastega ja täitsid küsimustiku mängude meeldivuse, lastele arusaadavuse ning laste keeletasemele vastavuse kohta. Õpetajate hinnangul meeldisid mängud lastele ja olid neile arusaadavad, olenemata mängudes osalenud muukeelsete laste eesti keele tasemest. Selles, kuivõrd vastasid mängud laste eesti keele tasemele, oli õpetajate hinnangutes erinevusi: valmismängud vastasid õpetajate arvates paremini laste eesti keele oskuse tasemele ning olid neile paremini arusaadavad kui mängude arendustöö rakendamise etapis. Hinnangud mängude meeldivusele olid arendustöö eri etappides sarnased. Nii sobivad arendustöös loodud digitehnoloogiaga rikastatud keeleõppemängud muukeelsetele lastele eesti keele kui teise keele õppeks ning pakuvad lasteaiaõpetajatele tuge eesti keele õpetamisel.
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Laste ja noorte eesti keele kui teise keele rääkimisoskuse arendamine mängustatud aktiivõppe abil
Get PDFEesti keele kui teise keele rääkimisoskuse õpetamise metoodikal on palju arenguvajadusi. Üheks arenguvõimaluseks on mängustatud aktiivõpe. Artiklis käsitletakse uurimust, mille käigus katsetasid Tartu ülikooli Narva kolledži 60 eesti keele kui teise keele õpetaja eriala üliõpilast õppemetoodika aines õpitud mängustatud rääkimistegevusi ning kirjeldasid oma katsetusi kodutööna. Üliõpilaste kodutöid uuriti induktiivse sisuanalüüsiga. Eesmärk oli välja selgitada, milliseid rääkimissoovi tekitavaid tegureid ja rääkimisoskuse arengut näitavaid tunnuseid üliõpilased mängustatud aktiivõppetegevustes osalenud lasteaialaste ja põhikoolinoorte tegevuses märkasid. Rääkimissoovi tekitavate tegurite kategooriaid selgitati välja viis: tegevusega kaasnenud emotsioonid, õppetegevuste jõukohasus, aktiivne tegutsemine, õppetegevuste huvitavus ja kaaslastega suhtlemine. Rääkimisoskuse arengut näitavate tunnuste kategooriaid selgus kuus: sõnavara areng, üldoskuste areng, väljendusoskuse areng, kuulamisoskuse areng, enesekindluse kasv ja loovuse areng. Kokkuvõttes sobisid õppemetoodika aines õpitud mängustatud aktiivõppetegevused laste ja noorte rääkimisoskuse arendamiseks hästi.
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Suhtlusraskuste märkamine varases eas: FOCUS-küsimustiku valideerimine
Get PDFSuhtlemine on üks olulisemaid lapse arenguvaldkondi, mille mahajäämust on oluline märgata varases eas – nii on võimalik seda kas ületada või vähendada suhtlusraskuste mõju lapse edasisele arengule. Eestis kasutusel olevad normeeritud keeletestid võimaldavad hinnata lapse keelelise arengu taset ja dünaamikat, kuid ei anna ülevaadet lapse toimetulekust reaalsetes suhtlusolukordades. Uuringu eesmärk oli hinnata eesti keelde tõlgitud FOCUS-küsimustiku (ingl Focus on the Outcomes of Communication Under Six) sobivust eesti laste suhtlusoskuse hindamiseks. Uuringus osales 66 lapsevanemat, kelle laste vanus jäi vahemikku 24–36 kuud. Valim koosnes kahest rühmast: eakohase kõne arenguga laste vanemad (EK; n = 45) ning kõne arengu hilistumisega laste vanemad (KAP; n = 21). Tulemustest selgus, et FOCUS-küsimustik on usaldusväärne mõõtvahend, mis eristab eakohase kõne arenguga lapsi kõne arengu hilistumisega lastest. Võrdleva valiidsuse kontrollimisel avaldusid mõõdukad kuni tugevad seosed ASQ:SE-2-küsimustiku tulemustega. Uuringu tulemused kinnitasid, et FOCUS-küsimustik sobib 24–36 kuu vanuste eesti laste suhtlusoskuse hindamiseks.
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Rasksulava ja tulekindla savi kaevandamine ning tootmine Eestis 1923–1941
Get PDFIn the aftermath of the War of Independence (1918–1920), Estonia, a small country exhausted by war, had to achieve economic independence in addition to political independence. Industries focused on the more extensive useof local natural and mineral resources and restrictions on imported goods, and the production of building materials became increasingly based on local natural and mineral resources. The industries based on local raw materials, such as the cement, brick, gypsum, and lime industries, were considered prospective. The production of building bricks increased significantly, while there was a lack of the refractory clay and chamotte stones needed to build fireplaces, materials that had to be imported.
As early as the end of the 1920s, a study was undertaken in Estonia of the refractory clays, which resulted in the discovery of the refractory clay of the Devonian Period in Petseri (Petchory) County in southern Estonia and in neighbouring Võru County (Joosu). In the latter, the quarrying of the refractory clay had already been started in 1923 by Peeter Matz, who also briefly owned a clay quarry in Tallinn. Between 1927 and 1936, concessions for the extraction of refractory clay in Petseri County were granted to several entrepreneurs. In the village of Lädinä, Karl Heinrich Veinberg started to quarry clay and process it in Irboska (Izborsk); Kurt Fersen quarried clay in the village of Väiko-Puravitsa and Dane Johan Clausen in the village of Küllätüvä-Kasakova. The latter also had a factory there called Estošamott. Aleksander Simon and Johannes Sester had a joint clay pit in the village of Kolovina, and Artur Tahv had a pit and also owned clay concerns in Tallinn.
Although in the terminology and in the press of the time the clay quarried in Petseri County was treated as fireproof, it was predominantly still refrac tory clay that needed enrichment, from which fireproof clay and chamotte stones could be produced after processing. The production of refractory clay in Võru and Petseri counties reached a total of nearly 8,130 tons between 1925 and 1941 (see Appx. 1). In the summer of 1940, the Republic of Estonia lost its independence, and soon after all mines and industrial plants were nationalised. Although refractory clay was still quarried in the previously established pits in the first year of Soviet rule (1940–1941), production decreased significantly. In January 1945, Petseri County was abolished: a small part remained in the territory of the Estonian SSR, whereas the major ity was incorporated into the Petseri District of Pskov Oblast, Russia.
During the Soviet period clay from Kolovina and Väiko-Puravitsa started to be used in a ceramic plant near Petseri, Russia. In the Estonian SSR, clay from Joosu was used in Võru for the production of bricks and in Tallinn for the production of ceramic construction tiles, while stocks of refractory clay in the village of Küllätüvä were left in disuse. Today, refractory clay is considered a building mineral resource in Estonia, although it is no longer quarried.
Keywords: mineral resources, mining, refractory clay, building materials, industry, Petseri County, Võru Count