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The cylindrical stone adzes of Borneo. In From Field to Museum—Studies from Melanesia in Honour of Robin Torrence, ed. Jim Specht, Val Attenbrow, and Jim Allen
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The Indian Supreme Court and constitutional amendments: insights for the debate on the comparative political process theory and the comparative representative reinforcement theory
No full textComparative Political Process Theory or Comparative Representative Reinforcement Theory (CPPT/CRRT) is an emerging scholarly field that theorizes about the courts’ role in the broader comparative universe. Considered an intellectual descendent of John Hart Ely’s work in the American context, CPPT/CRRT emphasizes the courts’ role in preventing democratic backsliding, promoting equality, enhancing the efficacy of democratic institutions, fostering deliberative processes, and addressing the failures of majoritarian politics. CPPT/CRRT scholars generally advocate broadening judicial powers and capabilities to fulfill these roles. This article examines the practicality of such judicial responsibilities through the lens of the review of constitutional amendments in India. It concludes that, despite the theoretical aspirations of CPPT/CRRT, courts are unlikely to meet these expectations in practice due to their institutional limitations. The positive outcomes of judicial interventions tend to be more modest than the protective and proactive actions envisioned by CPPT/CRRT proponents. Moreover, the modest benefits also come at the cost of the potential adverse impacts that an empowered judiciary may impose on the constitutional fabric. Consequently, this article suggests a need for recalibration of CPPT/CRRT scholarship wherein its goals are moderated and its aspirational objectives balanced against the potential adverse effects of an empowered judiciary on constitutional systems.</p
Modeling the Magnetospheric 3D X‐Ray Emission From SWCX Using a Cusp‐Magnetosheath Emissivity Model
No full textA major challenge in solar‐terrestrial physics is to understand the large‐scale dynamics of planetary magnetospheres, such as the motion of the Earth's magnetopause. Currently, a combination of in situ measurements and numerical modeling has been used to address this challenge, but no global imaging has been available. The discovery of soft X‐rays by the solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) process offers an opportunity to image the emitted X‐ray photons. The SMILE mission, due for launch in late 2025, will carry a wide field of view soft X‐ray telescope designed to observe emission from the magnetosheath and cusps. As no emission is expected from within the magnetosphere, it is expected that the magnetopause boundary will be observable from changes in X‐ray intensity across the boundary. Extracting the 3D magnetopause boundary from the 2D X‐ray images is a challenging task and several methods have been developed to model it. One method is to create a 3D emissivity model and adjust its parameters to fit the 2D X‐ray image. In this paper, we develop a Cusp and Magnetosheath Emissivity Model (CMEM) and compare its performance to a previous model that did not include the cusps. We find CMEM has an improved fit to emissivity simulations for a wide range of solar wind densities, but that a poor choice of initial parameters can generate unphysical fits in both models. We propose and verify a method to resolve this that uses the upstream solar wind density to constrain some of the initial parameters.</p
Measuring Meaning-Based Well-Being in Individuals with Dementia: The Creation and Validation of the Well-being in Dementia Inventory.
No full textDespite growing attention to well-being in dementia, few studies have defined meaning-based(eudaimonic) well-being in this population, mainly due to challenges posed by cognitivedecline and self-report limitations. We developed and validated a novel tool for measuringmeaning-based well-being in individuals with dementia, particularly those receivingresidential or home care. The study included two samples: carers of 174 care home residentsand carers of 420 community-dwelling individuals for whom respondents reported dementia.The Well-being in Dementia Inventory (WiDI) assesses six core dimensions: Self-Sufficiency, Functional Mastery, Goal-Based Mastery, Purposeful Engagement, PositiveInteractions, and Constructive Self-Perspective. Confirmatory Factor Analysis established theWiDI’s six-factor structure, underscoring its multidimensional nature and equivalence acrosscommunity-dwelling individuals, regardless of gender, age group (younger-old/mid-older-old), or care context (family or professional). The scale exhibited high internal and inter-raterreliability, though very low scores in the care home sample inflated these statistics.Concurrent validity was confirmed through strong correlations with adapted indices ofmeaning-based well-being (e.g., the Scales of Psychological Well-being and the MentalHealth Continuum Short Form, commonly used in non-dementia samples), indicating theWiDI’s conceptual consistency. These findings clarify how meaning-based well-being can beassessed in individuals with dementia and introduce the WiDI as a reliable and valid tool forassessing well-being, suggesting broad applicability across care settings. These results haveimportant implications for practice and policy, advocating a meaning-based approach to well-being assessments that ensures holistic, personalised care by focusing on key indicators oflife quality.</p
AdvFusion: Adapter-based Knowledge Transfer for Code Summarization on Code Language Models
No full textProgramming languages can benefit from one another by utilizing a pre-trained model for software engineering tasks such as code summarization and method name prediction. While full fine-tuning of Code Language Models (Code-LMs) has been explored for multilingual knowledge transfer, research on Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) for this purpose is lim-ited. AdapterFusion, a PEFT architecture, aims to enhance task performance by leveraging information from multiple languages but primarily focuses on the target language. To address this, we propose AdvFusion, a novel PEFT-based approach that effectively learns from other languages before adapting to the target task. Evaluated on code summarization and method name prediction, AdvFusion outperforms AdapterFusion by up to 1.7 points and surpasses LoRA with gains of 1.99, 1.26, and 2.16 for Ruby, JavaScript, and Go, respectively. We open-source our scripts for replication purposes11https://github.com/ist1373/AdvFusion.</p
Enhancing the experience and outcomes of children with complex care needs in acute paediatric settings: a realist review protocol
No full textIntroductionThe number of babies, children and young people with complex care needs (henceforth children with complex care needs (CCCN)) in England has increased in recent decades, and this has also been recognised globally. CCCN may have frequent and lengthy hospital admissions, but during these episodes, their needs are not always met, potentially resulting in suboptimal experiences and outcomes. Despite increased numbers of CCCN accessing acute care and displaying greater complexity, much of the contemporary literature has focused on primary care coordination between health, education and social care. Research specifically focused on CCCN in the acute care setting is largely absent. This realist review aims to understand how optimal experience and outcomes are achieved for CCCN during acute care, in different settings, for whom and why.Methods and analysisThis realist review will proceed through six steps: (1) clarifying the scope of the review, (2) searching for evidence, (3) data selection and quality appraisal, (4) data extraction, (5) analysis and synthesis and (6) dissemination. We will search Medline, Cumulated Index in Nursing and Allied Health Literature and PsycINFO, alongside grey literature and other sources and will carry out citation tracking. Patient and public involvement and engagement have aided in the development of this protocol and will be maintained through regular consultations with a stakeholder group throughout the review. The review will result in a programme theory which will include context-mechanism-outcome configurations and provide data to support claims of generative causation.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this review as it does not involve primary research. The programme theory developed will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications and relevant conferences. It will subsequently inform the development of an intervention to improve acute care for CCCN.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42024591231.</p
Film Finances and The Wicker Man (1973)
No full textThis article explores the production history of the cult British horrorfilm The Wicker Man (1973), drawing upon sources held by the Film FinancesArchive. While most previous accounts of the making of The Wicker Manhave been based on contemporary press coverage and interviews withsurviving members of cast and crew, the Film Finances Archive includes arange of primary source materials – including production correspondence,scripts, budgets, schedules, progress reports and cost statements – which notonly provide evidence of the film’s problematic production but also challengesome of the fan myths that have accumulated around the film. The articleconcludes that some of the alleged ‘lost’ or ‘missing’ scenes of The WickerMan were in fact never completed during the chaotic shoot.</p
Investigation of Respiratory Genotype-Phenotype Interactions Using Topological Data Analysis.
No full textAsthma and COPD are heterogeneous respiratory diseases, affected by a combination of environmental and genetic factors, and among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide as they can present with severe effects on lung function. In recent years, developments have allowed for the investigation of the genetic basis of lung function and the development of respiratory disease. Topological data analysis (TDA) offers a framework for analysis of data using techniques from the field of topology. Mapper algorithm is one of analytical method of TDA that is seeing increase use over recent year in a wide range of scientific ?fields. It provides reduced dimension representations for data that is high-dimensional in the form of a graph, allowing for their visualisation. This thesis explores how genetic variants associated with lung function can be used as a basis of genetic pro?ling and the generation of features that are analysed by Mapper algorithm to generate respiratory phenotype visualisations in large populations.To this end an analytical methodology is presented, bridging techniques from genetic epidemiology and topological data analysis. The UK Biobank dataset (N~500k) is reviewed extensively with respect to relevant respiratory diseases. Relevant information and phenotypes are mined and combined to create stratified respiratory phenotypes, with a focus around asthma and COPD. Mapper is applied to investigate genotype-phenotype interactions within the UKB population. Population networks are generated and used as discovery guides to identify subgroups within the UKB sample that present with complex traits.</p
Mendelian randomization study highlights the role of hematological traits on Type-2 diabetes mellitus in African ancestry individuals
No full textIntroductionObservational studies have identified associations between hematological traits and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). However, it is difficult to infer causal effects due to the potential of confounding. Our study utilizes the Mendelian randomization (MR) approach to address the above limitation and investigate the causal effect of hematological traits such as white blood cell (WBC), platelets (PLT), and red blood cell (RBC) on T2D in individuals of African ancestry.MethodsThe participating cohorts included participants of African ancestry in the Blood Cell consortium and the Million Veteran Program dataset. Using GWAS summary statistics, we applied a univariable and multivariable Two-sample MR to estimate the causal relationship between hematological traits and T2D.ResultsIn the main IVW MR estimates, genetically predicted levels of mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were associated with decreased risk of T2D. We also observed a decreased risk of T2D with genetically predicted total WBC count and neutrophil count (NEU), for the WBC traits. The multivariable analysis further supported the direct associations of genetically predicted MCH, MCHC, and MCV levels with a decreased risk of T2D. For the European ancestry, a similar pattern of association was observed for MCH and MCV.DiscussionThese findings indicate that hematological traits may differentially play a role in the development of T2D and be affected by T2D. However, further research is needed to validate and explore the biological pathways and mechanisms involved in these associations.</p