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MRI-scale histology validates spatial sensitivity of in-vivo MRI-based axon radius estimation
No full textThe axon radius holds promise as a clinical MRI biomarker for neurological disorders. However, in-vivo MRI estimation appears infeasible on clinical scanners and lacks experimental validation. Crucially, existing histology is only sparsely sampled, enabling primarily qualitative assessment. Here, we use large-scale human brain histology, sampling 46 million axons across 35 corpus callosum regions with MRI-like sizes. By demonstrating a significant spatial correlation with histology on an advanced research scanner, we provide quantitative proof that MRI radius estimates reflect underlying microstructure-a critical milestone. The next milestone-translation to clinical scanners-appears feasible with now-available high-gradient systems according to simulations, but would require substantial SNR gains. Yet, we also identify a sensitivity bottleneck in current modeling that may offer a complementary path to improved sensitivity through future modeling advances. Overall, we provide promising evidence for the validity of MRI-based axon radius estimation and identify challenges that must be solved for clinical adoption
Artificial intelligence characters are dangerous without legal guardrails
No full textOnline interactions with artificial intelligence (AI) characters pose serious risks to humans who begin to trust them. Currently, there is a low barrier to access AI characters, and regulations fail to adequately protect users online. We discuss the specific risks of AI characters, the regulatory framework and potential avenues for mitigating harm.</p
Short- and long-term outcomes after venous resection during left-sided and total pancreatic resection:a nationwide cohort study
No full textBackground: Venous resection (VR) during left-sided pancreatic resection (LPR) is typically more challenging than during pancreatoduodenectomy, because the pancreatic head remains in situ. Theoretically, converting from LPR to total pancreatectomy (TP) could resolve this issue. This study compared clinical outcomes after LPR and TP with and without VR. Methods: This nationwide retrospective study included all patients who underwent LPR for all indications or single-stage TP in the Netherlands from 2014 to 2019. Results: One-thousand-seventy-five patients were analyzed: 996 underwent LPR and 79 TP. Twenty-eight (3%) LPRs were with VR (VR+), of which 17 wedge and 11 segmental resections. Of 21 (27%) TPs with VR, 11 were wedge and 10 segmental resections. In the LPR-group, VR+ was associated with a higher incidence of portomesenteric venous thrombosis (PVT) than VR- (3/28 vs. 5/968, p < 0.001), but not with major complications or mortality. Similarly, in the TP-group, higher rates of PVT were reported after VR+ (2/21 vs. 0/58, p = 0.004). The incidence of major complications and PVT were comparable between LPR-VR+ and TP-VR+, but postoperative mortality was higher in TP-VR+ (6/21 vs. 1/28 p = 0.032). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that, despite technical impediments of VR during LPR, switching to TP may not benefit patients.</p
Global Standards and EU Law:Challenges for the EU Principles of Good Governance
No full textThis book examines the interplay between global standards and the EU legal system, examining how the process of incorporating technical standards set at international level poses challenges for principles of good governance, such as accountability, participatory openness and transparency. It contributes to the ongoing debate concerning the democratic credentials of decision-making in Europe by focusing on the specific juncture where globally produced standards are used by the EU institutions for EU regulatory purposes
Uitval zonder diploma: Aanleiding, Kansen en Toekomstintenties 2024
No full textNaast de groep schoolverlaters die hun opleiding succesvol hebben afgerond, is er ook een groep die uitvalt zonder een diploma te hebben gehaald. Deze groep wordt ook wel vroegtijdige schoolverlaters genoemd. In het kader van het Schoolverlatersonderzoek door het CBS uitgevoerd in samenwerking met ROA,fungeert dit onderzoek als een manier om de oorzaken, gevolgen en mogelijke beleidsmaatregelen inzichtelijk te maken, en om informatie te verkrijgen over het traject dat volgde nadat de respondenten de opleiding hadden verlaten
The condensation of openness:An essay on the ontology of creation and the metaphysics of language
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