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Performance of new cutting tool multilayer coatings for machining Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy under cryogenic cooling conditions
No full textBourse CSCCr/CrN/AlCrN multilayer coatings were recently developed to meet the high challenges of machining Ti-6Al-4V alloy under cryogenic cooling conditions. The multilayer coatings were optimized by multiple deposition conditions and were characterized by multi-methods. It was proved that they are suitable for tribological applications with this alloy under extreme conditions. This paper addresses the performance of these coatings through tool wear tests and analysis. This performance was compared with that obtained in standard machining conditions used in the aerospace industry, which include flood metalworking fluids and uncoated cemented carbide tools. The results show that the application of a multilayer coating can improve significantly the tool life under cryogenic cooling conditions compared to the flood conditions. 33 % improvement of tool life was found under cryogenic cooling conditions when comparing this coating to the uncoated one. A statistical analysis shows a strong correlation between tool wear and the machining forces. This analysis also permitted to build models for predicting tool wear in function of measured forces
Different kinematic strategies are adopted by AIS patients during walking depending on Lenke type
No full textIntroduction
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is classically evaluated through static X-rays and health-related quality of life questionnaires that do not reflect the functional limitations of patients during daily life activities, such as walking. The aim was to investigate kinematic strategies in non-operated AIS with different types of curvature during walking using 3D gait analysis.
Methods
13 AIS with Lenke 5 (major Cobb: 23 ± 8°), 30 AIS with Lenke 1 (major Cobb: 40 ± 14°) in addition to 24 controls underwent biplanar X-rays followed by 3D gait analysis. The kinematic parameters of the head, trunk, spinal segments, pelvis and lower limbs were compared between groups.
Results
AIS Lenke 5 had a lumbar segment bending while walking (T12L3-L3L5: 5 ± 7° vs. -3 ± 7° in controls) to the concave side of the scoliosis. They walked with an increased pelvic frontal mobility (12 ± 3° vs. 9 ± 3°) and internal rotation of the right foot (-2 ± 6° vs. -11 ± 8°; all p < 0.05). AIS Lenke 1 increased their thoracic & lumbar segment bending to the concave and to the opposite side respectively (T6T9-T9T12: -4 ± 9° vs. 1 ± 4°; T12L3-L3L5: 8 ± 12° vs. -2 ± 7°). However, they tended to reduce their lumbo-pelvic mobility (7 ± 5° vs. 12 ± 5°; all p < 0.05).
Conclusion
In response to their inherent lumbar stiffness and bending, AIS Lenke 5 patients tended to increase their pelvic frontal mobility and to develop a homolateral internal foot rotation, ensuring a dynamic alignment during gait. AIS Lenke 1, by producing opposite bending movement at the thoracic and lumbar segments, tended to reduce their lumbo-pelvic mobility and ensure coronal dynamic alignment
Multimodal measurement of the mental workload during an assembly and disassembly task
No full textMental workload overload is a major cause of human error in industrial tasks such as maintenance. Human errors can compromise not only system safety but also lead to high social and economic costs, reduce equipment productivity, and cause incidents, accidents, and fatalities. To this day, we do not have an adequate assessment of mental workload in maintenance, which would help design maintenance processes more effectively by incorporating this crucial aspect. The objective of this study is to determine the ability of our indicators to measure mental workload during a disassembly and assembly task in a laboratory condition. Thirty-six participants performed a disassembly and assembly task under two different mental workload conditions. Subjective measures (NASA-TLX), performance metrics (number of errors), and cardiovascular data (heart rate, heart rate variability, and breathing rate) were analyzed. We observed a higher number of errors and elevated NASA-TLX scores in the high mental workload condition. Regarding cardiovascular data, interesting trends in the temporal domain were observed despite mostly non-significant results. Although conducted in a laboratory, this multimodal mental workload measurement method is promising for diagnosing and understanding operators' cognitive behavior, and deserves validation in real-world maintenance conditions
Numerical study of a novel jet-grid approach for Li-ion batteries cooling
No full textClimate change is driving new and more efficient ways of producing and storing energy. In particular, Lithium-ion batteries demonstrate to be a worthwhile storage system for their high specific power and energy density. Due to electrochemical processes inside batteries, high temperatures are achieved during fast charge and discharge. Herein, a novel jet-grid cooling technique, named ImpFilm, featuring fluid impingement and fluid film is proposed. The idea is to introduce an innovative system able to guarantee stable and uniform temperature for Lithium-ion batteries with the purpose to reduce weight and costs. Firstly, the system has been designed by means of a preliminary 0D thermodynamic analysis. Then, 3D CFD simulations have been run on a single module to test its feasibility and effectiveness by the standpoint of fluid and thermodynamics. Mass flow rate, velocity field, volume fraction and temperature distribution are analyzed in the module by focusing on the impact of the geometry grid on both flow dynamics and cell temperature evolution. Results show that a parametric study on the grid design is necessary to balance the flow rate subdivision and to uniform the temperature of all the batteries. Eventually, new grid features prove to be effective in keeping battery temperature uniform and below hazardous thresholds
In situ characterisation of dynamic fracture in using ultra-fast X-ray phase contrast radioscopy: effects of porosity and crack speed
Full text linkThe dynamic fracture properties of porous ceramics were studied using single bunch synchrotron X-ray phase contrast imaging. The modified brazilian geometry was used to initiate and propagate a pure mode I crack. The specimen was compressed using the Split Hopkinson bars at strain rates of the order of 102s−1. Main cracks were isolated for four different grades of Al2O3, one dense alumina, and three porous grades with 20% to 60% porosity. The maximum measured crack velocities for three grades is of the order of 0.6 cR and 0.4 cR for the most porous. The fracture energy was estimated using a FE numerical simulation to quantify the influence of inertial effects induced by crack propagation. The results show that these inertial effects are far from negligible (up to 80% of the stored energy) and that the dynamic correction factors known from the literature tend to overestimate the fracture energy. The values obtained vary from 22 J/m2 for the densest to 5 J/m2 for the most porous
Am I (Not) a Ghost? Leveraging Affordances to Study the Impact of Avatar/Interaction Coherence on Embodiment and Plausibility in Virtual Reality
No full textThe way users interact with Virtual Reality (VR) environments plays a crucial role in shaping their experience when embodying an avatar. How avatars are perceived by users significantly influences their behavior based on stereotypes, a phenomenon known as the Proteus effect. The psychological concept of affordances may also appear relevant when it comes to interact through avatars and is yet underexplored. Indeed, understanding how virtual representations suggest possibilities for action has attracted considerable attention in the human-computer interaction community, but only few studies clearly address the use of affordances. Of particular interest is the fact aesthetic features of avatars may signify false affordances, conflicting with users' expectations and impacting perceived plausibility of the depicted situations. Recent models of congruence and plausibility suggest altering the latter may result in unexpected consequences on other qualia like presence and embodiment. The proposed research initially aimed at exploring the operationalization of affordances as a tool to investigate the impact of congruence and plausibility manipulations on the sense of embodiment. In spite of a long and careful endeavor materialized by a preliminary assessment and two user studies, it appears our participants were primed by other internal processes that took precedence over the perception of the affordances we selected. However, we unexpectedly manipulated the internal congruence following repeated exposures (mixed design), causing a rupture in plausibility and significantly lowering scores of embodiment and task performance. The present research then constitutes a direct proof of a relationship between a break in plausibility and a break in embodimen
Recent advances in the remelting process for recycling aluminium alloy chips: a critical review
Full text linkThis critical review examines advances in preprocessing and remelting processes for aluminium alloy chip recycling, emphasizing pre-treatment and remelting techniques that improve both resource recovery and material quality. Pre-treatment strategies, particularly cleaning methods and compaction are critically evaluated. Various cleaning methods, including centrifugation, ultrasonic solvent washing, extraction, and distillation are compared based on their ability to remove residual cutting fluids. Cold compaction, which augments chip density to approximately 2.5 g/cm³, significantly curtails oxidation losses and enhances metal recovery. During remelting, NaCl-KCl-based fluxes with limited fluoride additions (e.g., 3–7 wt% Na₃AlF₆) disrupt oxide networks but require careful dosage control to minimize furnace corrosion and environmental hazards. Moreover, mechanical stirring combined with suitable melting temperatures reduces porosity while enhancing melt purity. Future research should prioritize the development of low-energy cleaning methods, flux composition optimization, and scalable production techniques to further advance sustainable aluminium recycling
Hip-lumbar mobility loss affects quality of life in patients undergoing both lumbar fusion and total hip arthroplasty
Full text linkAims
Overall sagittal flexion is restricted in patients who have undergone both lumbar fusion and total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, it is not evident to what extent this movement is restricted in these patients and how this influences quality of life (QoL). The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which hip-lumbar mobility is decreased in these patients, and how this affects their QoL score.
Methods
Patients who underwent primary THA at our hospital between January 2010 and March 2021 were considered (n = 976). Among them, 44 patients who underwent lumbar fusion were included as cases, and 44 THA patients without lumbar disease matched by age, sex, and BMI as Control T. Among those who underwent lumbar fusion, 44 patients without hip abnormalities matched by age, sex, and BMI to the cases were considered as Control F. Outcome and spinopelvic parameters were measured radiologically in extension and flexed-seated positions. Hip, lumbar, and hip-lumbar mobility were calculated as parameter changes between positions.
Results
There were 20 male and 112 female patients in the case and control groups, with a mean age of 77 years (5 to 94) and a mean BMI of 24 kg/m2 (15 to 34). QoL score and hip-lumbar mobility were reduced in cases compared to Control T and F, and were further reduced as the number of fused levels increased. Hip-lumbar mobility was associated with reduction in activity-related QoL, mostly for those activities requiring sagittal flexion.
Conclusion
This study confirmed that hip-lumbar mobility is a factor that influences activity, most of all those requiring overall sagittal flexion. Clinicians should focus on hip-lumbar mobility and counteract disability by suggesting appropriate assistive devices
A FFT-based numerical scheme for the transient conductivity of heterogeneous materials with non-periodic boundary conditions
Full text linkThe aim of this work is to develop FFT-based solvers for transient diffusion in heterogeneous materials subjected to non-periodic (Dirichlet/Neumann) boundary conditions. We focus on a problem of thermal conductivity and derive a theta-method which includes an implicit solver for transient thermal conductivity in heterogeneous materials. The method is based on a fixed-point iterative solution of an auxiliary problem obtained by a Galerkin discretization using an approximation space based on mixed sine–cosine series. The solution field is decomposed as a known term verifying the boundary conditions and a fluctuation (unknown) term described by appropriate sine–cosine series. The solution of the auxiliary problem involves discrete sine–cosine transforms, of type I and III, which makes the solver rely on the computational complexity of fast Fourier transforms. The method is applied to the prediction of transient thermal fields in a composite material subjected to non periodic boundary conditions
Cooperative Hybrid Modelling and Dimensionality Reduction for a Failure Monitoring Application in Industrial Systems
Full text linkFailure monitoring of industrial systems is imperative in order to ensure their reliability and competitiveness. This paper presents an innovative hybrid modelling approach applied to DC electric motors, specifically the Kollmorgen AKM42 servomotor. The proposed Cooperative Hybrid Model for Classification (CHMC) combines physics-based and data-driven models to improve fault detection and extrapolation to new usage profiles. The integration of physical knowledge of the healthy behaviour of the motor into a recurrent neural network enhances the accuracy of bearing fault detection by identifying three health states: healthy, progressive fault and stabilised fault. Additionally, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) is employed for the purposes of feature extraction and dimensionality reduction, thereby enhancing the model’s capacity to generalise with limited training data. The findings of this study demonstrate that a reduction in the input data of 90% preserves the essential information, with an analysis of the first harmonics revealing a narrow frequency range. This elucidates the reason why the first 20 components are sufficient to explain the data variability. The findings reveal that, for usage profiles analogous to the training data, both the CHMC and NHMC models demonstrate comparable performance without reduction. However, the CHMC model exhibits superior performance in detecting true negatives (90% vs. 89%) and differentiating between healthy and failure states. The NHMC model encounters greater difficulty in distinguishing failure states (83.92% vs. 86.56% for progressive failure). When exposed to new usage profiles with increased frequency and amplitude, the CHMC model adapts better, showing superior performance in detecting true positives and handling new data, highlighting its superior extrapolation capabilities. The integration of SVD further reduces input data complexity, and the CHMC model consistently outperforms the NHMC model in these reduced data scenarios, demonstrating the efficacy of combining physical models and dimensionality reduction in enhancing the model’s generalisation, fault detection, and adaptability. This approach has the advantage of reducing the need for retraining, which makes the CHMC model a cost-effective solution for motor fault classification in industrial settings. In conclusion, the CHMC model offers a generalisable method with significant advantages in fault detection, model adaptation, and predictive maintenance performance across varying usage profiles and on unseen operational scenarios. © 2025 by the authors