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Genetics of Skeletal Proportions in Two Different Populations
No full textSource info: CELL-GENOMICS-D-23-0014
Performing a motor action enhances associative learning in the absence of choice
No full textForming pavlovian associations is fundamental to human behaviour. From gambling to social interactions, rewards are frequently preceded by motor actions. While studies have shown that making a choice enhances reward learning, in many cases (e.g. playing a slot machine), actions are performed without control over outcomes. We investigated the impact of performing an action on reward processing and associative learning in the absence of choice. We used a task in which coloured houses were probabilistically associated with social reward or punishment. On a trial-wise basis, we randomised whether participants pressed a button prior to observing the outcome, or waited passively. Using fMRI we explored the impact of performing an action on reward processing. Contrary to our hypotheses, we did not find reward-related activity in the striatum, nor a modulation of striatal activity by performing an action. Instead, we found tentative evidence for enhanced reactivity to negative outcomes in active trials in areas associated with affective processing and memory formation. Cues predicting positive outcomes were associated with enhanced activity in the temporo-parietal junction and precuneus. In a second, behavioral study, we used a forced-choice task testing the formation of stimulus-outcome associations. Participants preferred stimuli associated with reward over those associated with punishment. Both approach and avoidance were enhanced for stimuli learned in active trials. These findings suggest that performing a motor action enhances pavlovian-type associative learning, and may facilitate the neural processing of outcomes. This has important implications for our understanding of human learning, as well as gambling and other reward-driven behaviours
Non-antiarrhythmic pharmacotherapy in cardio-renal-metabolic disease and incident atrial fibrillation: a trial meta-analysis.
Get PDFBACKGROUND AND AIMS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) disease burden is increasing. Pharmacotherapy of cardio-renal-metabolic diseases may prevent incident AF. This meta-analysis estimates the effect of different pharmacotherapies on risk of incident AF across cardio-renal-metabolic diseases. METHODS: The Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central databases were searched to 7 October 2025 for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the effect of a non-antiarrhythmic cardio-renal-metabolic medication with control or another agent for incident AF. Random-effects meta-analysis using the Mantel-Haenszel method, with between-study variance estimated using the DerSimonian-Laird method, was performed to synthesize risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Two hundred and forty-nine RCTs involving 745 041 patients were included, of which 207 identified AF through adverse event reports, 161 were placebo-controlled, and 15 had AF as a pre-specified endpoint. In placebo-controlled trials, significant differences in incident AF were observed with treatment of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.60-0.80), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.43-0.90), and sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.44-0.87); treatment of chronic kidney disease with SGLT2 inhibitors (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.85); and treatment of obesity with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.63-0.99). However, the number of AF events per trial was low and none were adequately powered for incident AF. CONCLUSIONS: Prospective RCTs with AF as a pre-specified outcome should be integrated into the design of future trials of cardio-renal-metabolic medications to determine whether they reduce incident AF
International guideline on genetic testing of children with short stature.
Get PDFShort stature may be caused by a multitude of conditions including genetic and non-genetic causes. Over the last decade, advances in genetic sequencing technologies have revolutionized our understanding of the underlying physiology of growth and greatly increased our ability to identify genetic etiologies of short stature. The current guideline provides a general overview of the approach to the evaluation of a child with short stature followed by recommendations identifying factors in the medical and family history, physical examination, radiographic, and laboratory work up which increase the likelihood of identifying a genetic etiology. An algorithm is proposed for the genetic work up of individuals with short stature based on their clinical presentation. The benefits and risks of genetic testing are discussed as well
Complex interventions for aggressive challenging behaviour in adults with intellectual disability: a rapid realist review informed by multiple populations
No full textA CRITICAL INTERPRETIVE SYNTHESIS OF THE CONSTRUCTED IDENTITIES AND EXPERIENCES OF REFUGEES, ASYLUM SEEKERS, AND UNDOCUMENTED MIGRANTS IN RELATION TO ACCESSING PRIMARY CARE SERVICES IN THE UK
Get PDFThe effect of frequency dependence and anisotropy on the aerofoil turbulent boundary layer wall pressure spectrum
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Voided Patterning: Thinking Racial and Spatial Division in the Zone
No full textBritain's imperial history has engendered a growing field of study excavating the ways in which its contemporary racial order builds on the colonial past. This approach can be summarized in Patrick Wolfe's pithy claim that “race is colonialism speaking.” Yet though the signature racial differentiations intrinsic to capitalist social relations remain, they are remade not through linear development but in response to present crises in capitalism. Because the “past cannot serve as an alibi for the present” (Arun Kundnani), approaching racial capitalism today requires attending to Britain's changing economic and geopolitical status. Contrasting two zones in the pattern of racial capitalism in Britain—hotel housing for people seeking asylum and farms reliant on temporary migrant labor—this article seeks to understand why some spaces function as symbolically dense sites while others are culturally underdetermined. To contextualize this uneven distribution of social and cultural energy, rather than turn toward the colonial past, scholars must consider Britain's racial arrangements in dialogue with those that organize certain Asian polities, such as Singapore and the Gulf states. Doing so can allow researchers to observe emergent forms of group differentiation that maintain relations of domination and exploitation without employing a cultural machinery of denigration.</jats:p