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Supplemental Material for 'New fossil giant panda relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae) : a basal lineage of gigantic Mio-Pliocene cursorial carnivores (American Museum novitates, no. 3996)'
No full textSupplemental Material for 'New fossil giant panda relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae) : a basal lineage of gigantic Mio-Pliocene cursorial carnivores (American Museum novitates, no. 3996)' - https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/731
Transverse canal foramen and pericarotid venous network in Metatheria and other mammals (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 462)
No full text122 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 26 cm.Although few nondental features of the osteocranium consistently discriminate marsupials from placentals, the transverse canal foramen (TCF) has been repeatedly offered as a potential synapomorphy of crown-group Marsupialia and their closest allies. To explore this contention appropriately, the TCF needs to be evaluated in relation to the morphofunctional complex of which it is a part, something never previously undertaken in a systematic fashion. This complex, here defined as the pericarotid venous network (PCVN), is assessed using osteological, histological, and ontogenetic information. Although the TCF is usually thought of as a marsupial attribute, some living placentals also express it. What do these clades actually share in regard to this feature, and how do they differ? Our leading hypothesis is that the chief components of the PCVN begin development in the same way in both Marsupialia and Placentalia, but they follow different ontogenetic trajectories in terms of persistence, size, and connections with other elements of the cephalic venous vasculature. Similarities include shared presence of specific emissary and emissarylike veins in the mesocranial region that connect part of the endocranial dural vasculature (cavernous sinus or CS) to the systemic circulation (external and internal jugular veins plus the cerebrospinal venous system). In marsupials the principal pericarotid vessels are the transverse canal vein (TCV) and internal carotid vein (ICV). These veins almost always attain relatively large size during marsupial ontogeny. By contrast, in most placentals their apparent homologs (among others, emissary vein of the sphenoidal foramen and internal carotid venous plexus) evidently slow down or terminate their growth relatively early, and for this reason they play only a proportionally minor role in cephalic drainage in later life. In both clades, these vessels (informally grouped with others in the same region as pericarotid mesocranial distributaries, or PMDs) play a variable role in draining the CS in conjunction with the much larger petrosal sinuses. A pneumatic space within the basisphenoid—called the sphenoid sinus in placentals, transverse basisphenoid sinus (TBS) in marsupials—communicates with PCVN vasculature and should be considered an integral part of the network. The TBS contains red marrow tissues that are active centers of extramedullary hematopoiesis in young stages of some species, although how widespread this function may be in marsupial clades is not yet known. Previous explorations of the marsupial PCVN have been largely limited to determining whether, in any given taxon, a continuous passageway linking the right and left TCFs could be demonstrated running through the basisphenoid (“intramural” condition). It has long been known that a number of species apparently lack this particular passageway, and that the TCFs instead open into the braincase (“endocranial” condition). Puzzlingly, some species appear to have both passageways, others one or the other, and a few none at all, thus inviting questions about their equivalency and the circumstances under which the CS is actually drained by the TCV. Morphologically, these uncertainties can be resolved by viewing the full TCV as a tripartite entity, consisting of a trunk and rostral and caudal branches. The trunk, or the part that leaves the TCF for the external jugular system, receives the rostral and caudal branches, if both are present, within the body of the basisphenoid. The rostral or intramural branch has little or no direct communication with the endocranium in most investigated species. By contrast, the caudal or endocranial branch is an ordinary emissarium, in that it connects a part of the endocranial system of dural veins with the extracranial circulation. Determining branch routing alone does not adequately capture the scale of morphological variety and function encountered in marsupial PCVN organization. We distinguish five patterns of association between TCVs and other PCVN components. These patterns, based on both histological and osteological criteria, are defined as follows: (1) Simple: only rostral passageway present, caudal passageway absent or reduced to a thread; rostral branch veins form midline confluence within TBS in advance of hypophysis; minimal interaction with CS and its distributaries; rostral and caudal portions of TBS discontinuous. (2) Complex: mostly as in (1), except both rostral and caudal branches present and functional; caudal branches communicate with CS/ICV and do not form a confluence; TBS more extensive. (3) Compound: mostly as in (2), except TBS greatly expanded, incorporating most of rostral branch canals, which are correspondingly short. (4) Hybrid: differs from others in that only the pathways for enlarged caudal branches are significant; they originate from the CS/ICV caudal to the position of the hypophysis; rostral branches absent or highly reduced. (5) Indeterminate: transverse foramina, canals, and branches absent or unidentifiable as such, presumably due to vascular involution early in ontogeny. In light of TCV composition, the trunk of the TCV can be considered a mixed-origin vein, maximally receiving both a quasisystemic or emissarylike vessel (rostral branch) that does not originate from endocranial dural vessels, and a true emissarial vessel (caudal branch) that does. Some extant geomyoid rodents and strepsirrhine primates exhibit enlarged venous structures in the mesocranial region; these are briefly surveyed for comparative purposes, but resemblances to conditions in marsupials are superficial and unmistakably interpretable as convergences. Members of the extinct marsupial sister group Sparassodonta sometimes lack detectable TCFs, as do other non-marsupial metatherians in the fossil record. Evidence for the transverse canal and other PCVN components in other therians is briefly outlined. In summary, the development of mesocranial vasculature as outlined in this paper is hypothesized to be basal for therians, but Marsupialia and Placentalia radically differ in the end expression of PMDs in the adult stage. In prenatal stages of both clades, initial differentiation of these distributaries is presumably similar, but, compared to marsupials, in almost all placental groups these vessels are retained in an undeveloped or neotenic state. By contrast, enhanced expression of the TCV trunk and its branches seems to be a genuine novelty characterizing Marsupialia, although one probably present in some other metatherian groups. Accordingly, the transverse foramen, canal, and related features are probably best regarded as an innovation occurring in the marsupial stem, not a synapomorphy of the crown group as previously suggested by some authors
Supplemental Material for 'Comparative anatomy of the insect tracheal system, part 1. Introduction, apterygotes, Paleoptera, Polyneoptera (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 459)'
No full textSupplemental Material for 'Comparative anatomy of the insect tracheal system, part 1. Introduction, apterygotes, Paleoptera, Polyneoptera (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 459)' - https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/731
Generic revisions of the Scopaeina and the Sphaeronina (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Paederinae: Lathrobiini) (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 460)
Full text link193 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 26 cm.The generic classifications of the paederine subtribes Scopaeina Mulsant and Rey, 1878, and Sphaeronina Casey, 1905, are revised. Sphaeronina, revised status, is resurrected from synonymy. Keys to the included genera of both subtribes are included. Newly discovered characters in both subtribes are discussed and illustrated. The Scopaeina now includes Scopaeus, Hyperscopaeus, Micranops, Orus, and Trisunius. The account for each genus includes its diagnostic characters, a description, summary of the general distribution, and list of the included species and specimens examined. Scopaeus Erichson, 1839, has a revised definition and is now restricted to species that have not only a constricted neck and a trichobothrium adjacent to and at about the middorsal margin of the eye, but also a metathoracic/mesofemoral stridulum comprised of a lateral, metaventral file and mesofemoral plectral ridges, slender, apically acute, metakatepisternal processes, and a middorsally fused median lobe of the aedeagus. The stridulum, redefined herein as a file and plectrum that when rubbed together produce stridulation in insects. The metaventral file and mesofemoral plectral ridges of Scopaeus, is, heretofore, unknown in the Staphylinidae or perhaps, even the Coleoptera. Variations of the stridulum and metakatepisternal processes are illustrated and described for each species group. Five genus-group names in the Western Hemisphere, Scopaeomerus Sharp, 1886, and Euscopaeus Sharp, 1886, are new synonyms of Scopaeus; Scopaeodera Casey, 1886, Scopaeoma Casey, 1905, and Scopaeopsis Casey, 1905, are revised status junior synonyms of Scopaeus. The species in those generic groups are now included in species groups of Scopaeus. Hyperscopaeus Coiffait, 1984, new status, is elevated to genus from subgeneric status in Scopaeus. Trisunius Assing, 2011, new subtribal assignment, is moved from the Medonina to the Scopaeina. Typhloscopaeus Jarrige, 1951, incertae sedis, formerly a subgenus of Scopaeus, is of unknown placement, but the species and generic names are retained in Scopaeus awaiting study of the type. Orus cervicula Casey, 1905, revised combination, is returned to Orus from Scopaeus. Orus femoralis (Sharp, 1887), new combination, is transferred from Scopaeus. There are now three named species of Orus with narrow necks. Scopaeus chiriquensis (Sharp, 1886), S. guatemalensis (Sharp, 1886), S. obscurus (Sharp, 1886), and S. palmatus (Sharp, 1886), new combinations, are transferred to Scopaeus from Scopaeomerus. Medon mexicanus (Bernhauer, 1910), new combination, is transferred to Medon from Scopaeomerus. Scopaeus crassitarsis (Sharp, 1886), S. gracilicornis (Sharp, 1886), S. impar (Bierig, 1935), new combinations, are transferred to Scopaeus from Euscopaeus.The following names are transferred from Scopaeus to Hyperscopaeus as new combinations: Hyperscopaeus admixtus (Fagel, 1973), H. albertvillensis (Fagel, 1973), H. allardianus (Fagel, 1973), H. andrewesi (Cameron, 1931), H. angolanus (Fagel, 1973), H. bamaniaensis (Fagel, 1973), H. borneensis (Cameron, 1941), H. bredoanus (Fagel, 1973), H. calidus (Bernhauer, 1932), H. confusoides (Fagel, 1973), H. confusus (Fagel, 1973), H. consimilis (Fagel, 1973), H. convexiceps (Bernhauer, 1932), H. corpulentus (Fagel, 1973), H. decelleanus (Fagel, 1973), H. dolosus (Fagel, 1973), H. endrodyanus (Fagel, 1973), H. errans (Fagel, 1973), H. erraticus (Fagel, 1973), H. fageli (Levasseur, 1981), H. fallaciosus (Fagel, 1973), H. filicornis (Fagel, 1973), H. flavidulus (Fagel, 1973), H. flavocastaneus (Lea, 1923), H. fluviatilis (Fagel, 1973), H. fossiceps (Eppelsheim, 1885), H. fuliginosus (Fagel, 1973), H. fulvescens (Motschulsky, 1858), H. fusculus (Motschulsky, 1858), H. gigantulus (Bernhauer, 1929), H. girardianus (Fagel, 1973), H. hova (Fauvel, 1905), H. hulstaertianus (Fagel, 1973), H. intermixtus (Fagel, 1973), H. kaszabianus (Fagel, 1973), H. katanganus (Fagel, 1973), H. kivuanus (Fagel, 1973), H. lamtoensis (Fagel, 1973), H. leleupianus (Fagel, 1973), H. leopoldvillensis (Fagel, 1973), H. lescuyeri (Delaunay, Coache, and Rainon, 2019), H. levasseuri (Lundgren, 1982), H. longiusculus (Fagel, 1973), H. machadoanus (Fagel, 1973), H. major (Eppelsheim, 1885), H. methneri (Bernhauer, 1932), H. minutulus (Fagel, 1973), H. mulongoensis (Fagel, 1973), H. nitidiceps (Fagel, 1973), H. nitidicollis (Fagel, 1973), H. opacicollis (Bernhauer, 1942), H. overlaetianus (Fagel, 1973), H. parvicornis (Fauvel, 1900), H. procerus (Kraatz, 1859), H. pruinosulus (Eppelsheim, 1885), H. pseudomethneri (Fagel, 1973), H. puberulus (Kraatz, 1859), H. reduncus (Fagel, 1973), H. ripicola (Fagel, 1973), H. rubricollis (Fagel, 1973), H. rubrotestaceus (Kraatz, 1859), H. ruguliceps (Fagel, 1973), H. ruziziensis (Fagel, 1973), H. semifuscus (Kraatz, 1859), H. senegalensis (Fagel, 1973), H. seydeli (Cameron, 1952), H. simillimus (Fagel, 1973), H. simulator (Fagel, 1973), H. spathiferus (Coiffait, 1970), H. spinosophallatus (Frisch, 2012), H. subconfusus (Fagel, 1973), H. subprocerus (Coiffait, 1978), H. surdus (Fagel, 1973), H. suspectus (Fauvel, 1907), H. tchapembanus (Fagel, 1973), H. thoracicus (Motschulsky, 1858), H. tristis (Bernhauer, 1929), H. vagans (Fagel, 1973, and H. voltae (Fagel, 1973). Sphaeronina, revised status, is resurrected from synonymy and now includes Sphaeronum Sharp, 1876, Tripectenopus Lea, 1918, Typhloleleupius Fagel, 1964, and Coecoscopaeus Coiffait, 1982; the last three genera are new assignments to the subtribe. Sphaeronina is redefined by the presence of a hypopharyngeal peg, an enlarged protibial concavity with combs, a ventral denticle on the left mandible, and a groove on the outer edge of the mandibles; additional possible diagnostic characters are discussed. Sphaeronum, Tripectenopus, Typhloleleupius, and Coecoscopaeus are redescribed; the genera are found, respectively, in the American tropical and subtropical regions, Australia, southern Africa and perhaps Madagascar, and Tunisia. Few African and Australian were available for study. Scopaeodracus Scheerpeltz, 1935, is a new synonym of Tripectenopus. Tripectenopus handschini (Scheerpeltz, 1935), new combination, is transferred from Scopaeodracus; Tripectenopus australiae (Fauvel, 1878), T. microps (Lea, 1923), T. pectinatrix (Lea, 1923), and T. torrensensis (Blackburn, 1891), new combinations, are transferred from Domene
Revision of the North American Hallodapini (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae) (American Museum novitates, no. 3994)
Full text link48 pages : illustrations (chiefly color), color maps ; 26 cm.The North American Hallodapini are revised. Cyrtopeltocoris Reuter includes 12 species, five of which (C. brailovskyi, n. sp., C. fractifasciatus, n. sp., C. hallodapoides, n. sp., C. nudipronotum, n. sp., and C. pronotosus, n. sp.) are described as new. Five nominal species of Cyrtopeltocoris and three commingled species of Sericophanes Reuter are placed in synonymy, and a neotype is designated for C. mexicanus Carvalho and Costa. Phoradendrepulus Polhemus and Polhemus, described based on brachypterous males and females, is synonymized under Cyrtopeltocoris, new synonymy, and P. myrmecomorphus Polhemus and Polhemus is synonymized under C. ajo Knight. The new genus Neocyrtopeltocoris, described to include Sericophanes triangularis Knight (with Sericophanes albomaculatus Knight, S. fuscicornis Knight, and S. nevadensis Knight treated as junior synonyms) and N. froeschneri, n. sp., is placed in the Hallodapini. We provide habitus images, illustrations, measurements, and distribution maps for all taxa; genitalic illustrations for most taxa; and a key to the species of Cyrtopeltocoris and Neocyrtopeltocoris to aid in identification
Supplemental Material for "Permian trilobites and the applicability of the "living fossils" concept to extinct clades"
No full textSupplemental Material for: Hopkins, Melanie J., Peter Wagner, and Katherine Jordan. (2023) Permian trilobites and the applicability of the" living fossils" concept to extinct clades. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11. DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.116612
Supplemental Material for 'Transverse canal foramen and pericarotid venous network in Metatheria and other mammals (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 462)'
No full textSupplemental Material for 'Transverse canal foramen and pericarotid venous network in Metatheria and other mammals (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 462)' - https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/732
Comparative anatomy of the insect tracheal system, part 1. Introduction, apterygotes, Paleoptera, Polyneoptera (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 459)
Full text link184 pages : illustrations (chiefly color) ; 26 cm.A broad comparative study of insect respiratory morphology is presented. Tracheae, epidermal invaginations extending into the body in branching networks of tubes, supply tissues with direct access to air for gas exchange. While previous tracheal studies focused on a handful of taxa and lacked in consistency, here a unified system of tracheal nomenclature is established using visualizations from micro-CT scanning of representatives from apterygotes, Paleoptera, and Polyneoptera, totaling 29 species, 29 genera, and 26 families in 13 insect orders. Three-dimensional visualizations of named tracheal branches establish robust assessments of homology and provide a framework for further studies across class Insecta. Patterns in respiratory architecture are presented along with a discussion of future investigations into phylogenetic and physiological questions
Description of two new Labeo (Labeoninae; Cyprinidae) endemic to the Lulua River in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Kasai ecoregion) : a hotspot of fish diversity in the Congo basin (American Museum novitates, no. 3999)
Full text link22 pages : illustrations (some color), color map ; 26 cm.Labeo mbimbii, n. sp., and Labeo manasseeae, n. sp., two small-bodied Labeo species, are described from the lower and middle reaches of the Lulua River (Kasai ecoregion, Congo basin) in the Democratic Republic of Congo. The two new species are members of the L. forskalii species group and are genetically distinct from all other species of that clade. Morphologically they can be distinguished from central African L. forskalii group congeners except L. dhonti, L. lukulae, L. luluae, L. parvus, L. quadribarbis, and L. simpsoni in the possession of 29 or fewer (vs. 30 or more) vertebrae and from those congeners by a wider interpectoral, among other features. The two new species are endemic to the Lulua River and, although overlapping in geographical range and most meristic and morphometric measures, are readily differentiated by differing numbers of fully developed supraneural bones, predorsal vertebrae, snout morphology, and additional osteological features. The description of these two species brings the total of Labeo species endemic to the Lulua basin to three. The third endemic species, L. luluae, was previously known only from the juvenile holotype, but numerous additional specimens have now been identified. The cooccurrence of 14 Labeo species in the Lulua River, three of which are endemic, highlights this system as a hotspot of Labeo diversity in the Congo basin and across the continent
Descriptions of the mature larvae of three Australian ground-nesting bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Diphaglossinae and Neopasiphaeinae) (American Museum novitates, no. 3989)
No full text15 pages : illustrations (some color) ; 26 cm.Fully fed larvae of three Australian bee species formerly classified as Colletidae: Paracolletini are described and compared in light of recent phylogenetic studies. Two of these species, Leioproctus (Goniocolletes) wanni (Leijs and Hogendoorn) and Trichocolletes orientalis Batley and Houston, belong in the Neopasiphaeinae, while the third, Paracolletes crassipes Smith, belongs in Diphaglossinae: Paracolletini (sensu Almeida et al., 2019). We find that larval characters support the separation of Paracolletes from the neopasiphaeines, in particular the spoutlike salivary gland opening associated with cocoon spinning. In addition, we suggest that nest architecture of P. crassipes includes a feature that prevents flooding of open brood cells, a feature common to a number of other large ground-nesting bees