Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece
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Laccaria bicolor adapts to phosphate deficiency at the developmental, transcriptional and metabolic levels
No full textThe amount of soluble inorganic phosphate (Pi) in soils is typically low and limiting plant growth. Roots of trees in several forest ecosystems form association with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi, where fungi forage and supply inorganic nutrients, such as Pi, in exchange for fixed carbon. While adaptations of model fungi, such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to Pi deficiency has been extensively studied, much less is known about how mycorrhizal fungi adapt to Pi deficiency. This study aimed to decipher how the free-living ECM Laccaria bicolor mycelium adapts to Pi deficiency. L. bicolor grown for 7 days in medium without Pi showed very low Pi and polyphosphate reserves and displayed less compact colonies with spreading hyphae. Pi deficiency resulted in approximately 1500-2000 genes being up- and down-regulated more than 2-fold compared to mycelium grown with abundant Pi, with most genes partially reverting their expression pattern in cultures spiked with Pi for 24 hours. Numerous genes involved in Pi mobilization from organic sources, such as phosphatases and ribonucleases, were induced by Pi deficiency, as well as genes involved in Pi transport, and such expression patterns correlated with increased enzymatic activities. Pi deficiency also induced the synthesis of the betaine lipid diacylglyceryl-N,N,N-trimethylhomoserine (DGTS). Several genes induced by mycorrhization, such as those encoding protease inhibitors belonging to the mycocypin family and Mycorrhizae-Induced Small Secreted Peptides (MiSSP), were also induced by Pi deficiency. Altogether, this study shows that L. bicolor can robustly respond to Pi deficiency and identifies parallels between these adaptations and those involved in mycorrhization.
© 2025. The Author(s)
Dynamic 3D genome reorganization during senescence: defining cell states through chromatin.
No full textCellular senescence, a cell state characterized by growth arrest and insensitivity to growth stimulatory hormones, is accompanied by a massive change in chromatin organization. Senescence can be induced by a range of physiological signals and pathological stresses and was originally thought to be an irreversible state, implicated in normal development, wound healing, tumor suppression and aging. Recently cellular senescence was shown to be reversible in some cases, with exit being triggered by the modulation of the cell's transcriptional program by the four Yamanaka factors, the suppression of p53 or H3K9me3, PDK1, and/or depletion of AP-1. Coincident with senescence reversal are changes in chromatin organization, most notably the loss of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci (SAHF) found in oncogene-induced senescence. In addition to fixed-cell imaging, chromatin conformation capture and multi-omics have been used to examine chromatin reorganization at different spatial resolutions during senescence. They identify determinants of SAHF formation and other key features that differentiate distinct types of senescence. Not surprisingly, multiple factors, including the time of induction, the type of stress experienced, and the type of cell involved, influence the global reorganization of chromatin in senescence. Here we discuss how changes in the three-dimensional organization of the genome contribute to the regulation of transcription at different stages of senescence. In particular, the distinct contributions of heterochromatin- and lamina-mediated interactions, changes in gene expression, and other cellular control mechanisms are discussed. We propose that high-resolution temporal and spatial analyses of the chromatin landscape during senescence will identify early markers of the different senescence states to help guide clinical diagnosis
A Multidimensional Operationalization of Policy Change
No full textPolicy change is a core variable of policy process research. Several theories and frameworks distinguish different levels of policy
change. These include minor change vs. major change (Advocacy Coalition Framework), incrementalism vs. nonincremental-
ism (Multiple Streams Framework), punctuations vs. equilibrium (Punctuated Equilibrium Theory), first order vs. second order
vs. third order change (Policy Paradigm Perspective), and types of policy focus and policy content (Policy Design Perspective).
However, public policy still lacks cross-theoretical definitions and substantiated operationalizations of different levels of policy
change. This paper conceptualizes policy change based on a combination of theories of the policy process. We propose the use of
expert assessments to operationalize the multiple items to achieve a continuous and complex measurement of policy change that
combines and refines previous categories. The example of German health policy illustrates the measurement of policy change
according to experts in the field
Letter to the Editor: Is oral hydroquinidine a real alternative to intravenous quinidine for intubated patients in intensive care unit?
No full textAI-Assisted OCT Clinical Phenotypes of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Large Cohort Clustering Study
No full textPurpose: To characterize, using clustering analysis, the OCT morphological and clinical phenotypes of diabetic macular edema (DME) in a very large population (>2000 DME eyes) using standardized and validated OCT-based biomarkers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on OCT scans collected from 2355 eyes of 1688 patients with DME and performed during real-world clinical practice. OCT scans were automatically analyzed by a software able to automatically quantify OCT key biomarkers: intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal fluid (SRF), hyperreflective retinal foci (I-HRF), and external limiting membrane (ELM) and ellipsoid zone (EZ) interruption. Clustering analysis was performed using the above-mentioned biomarkers, including the distribution of IRF across the three ETDRS rings. Results: The overall population was predominantly composed of type 2 diabetes patients (89%), with a mean diabetes duration of 15.6 ± 10.7 years and mean best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 63 ± 18 ETDRS letters. Multivariate clustering identified four morphological phenotypes with distinct patterns of fluid distribution associated with different I-HRF counts, SRF volume, and percentages of ELM/EZ integrity (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: This large OCT analysis identified distinct morphological subtypes of DME, confirming the clinical relevance of key imaging biomarkers. The distribution and severity of DME features differ among clusters, supporting the importance of OCT-based phenotyping in tailoring treatment strategies and understanding disease evolution
Cardiac Arrest During Long-Distance Running Races.
No full textMore than 29 million participants completed marathons and half-marathons in the US between 2010-2023, approximately 3 times the number from 2000-2009. Contemporary long-distance race-related cardiac arrest incidence and outcomes are unknown.
To determine the incidence and outcomes of cardiac arrests during US marathons and half-marathons between 2010-2023 from a record of race finishers and a comprehensive review of cases from media reports, direct contact with race directors, USA Track & Field claims, and interviews with survivors or next of kin.
Observational case series from the Race Associated Cardiac Event Registry; cohort data from US marathon and half-marathon runners from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2023. Case profiles were reviewed to determine etiology and factors associated with survival. Incidence and etiology data were compared with historical reference standards (2000-2009).
Recreational long-distance running (marathon and half-marathon distance).
Incidence proportions of sudden cardiac arrest and death.
Among 29 311 597 race finishers, 176 cardiac arrests (127 men, 19 women, 30 sex unknown) occurred during US long-distance running races. Compared with 2000-2009, cardiac arrest incidence remained unchanged (incidence rate, 0.54 per 100 000 participants [95% CI, 0.41-0.70] vs 0.60 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.52-0.70], respectively). However, there were significant declines in cardiac death incidence (0.20 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.15-0.26] vs 0.39 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.28-0.52]) and case fatality rate (34% vs 71%). Cardiac arrests remained more common among men (1.12 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.95-1.32]) than women (0.19 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.13-0.27]) and during the marathon (1.04 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.82-1.32]), compared with the half-marathon (0.47 per 100 000 [95% CI, 0.38-0.57]). Among runners for which a definitive cause of cardiac arrest could be determined (n = 67/128 [52%]), coronary artery disease rather than hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was the most common etiology. Decreased cardiopulmonary resuscitation time and an initial ventricular tachyarrhythmia rhythm were associated with survival.
Despite increased participation in US long distance running races, cardiac arrest incidence remains stable. There has been a marked decline in cardiac arrest mortality, and coronary artery disease was the most common etiology among cases with sufficient cause-related data. Effective emergency action planning with immediate access to defibrillation may explain the improvement in survival
Mettre les disciplines en dialogue. Historique du groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire lausannois : 1984-2023
No full textHistorique du groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire CLE (comparer les langues et littératures
Angiography-derived index of microcirculatory resistance as risk stratification tool in dilated cardiomyopathy.
No full textCastoriadis-Lefort. Société, autonomie, pouvoir - Ou : la question de la démocratie
No full textL'article présente une étude longitudinale de la relation d'accord-désaccord entre C. Castoriadis et Cl. Lefort, les fondateurs de Socialisme ou Barbarie (SouB). Constatant l'écart très important qui sépare leur position respective de "maturité", il remonte aux textes de la période SouB pour repérer les points de convergence et de divergence dans le cadre de l'activité et de la réflexion militantes. Ce faisant, on montre que, pour l'essentiel, la ligne de fracture des textes de la maturité était déjà là, formulée dans le vocabulaire et la problématique d'alors. Ce faisant, aussi, on suggère que la tension entre les positions de Lefort et Castoriadis constitue en un sens l'aporie constitutive de la démocratie: celle de la protection des droits individuels vs l'action collectiv