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Understanding experience beyond university: the development of an employer feedback survey
No full textIndividual and environmental factors influencing the use of transfer strategies after diversity training
No full textChange in work behavior is often the primary goal of diversity training, but few studies have examined transfer of diversity training. In this longitudinal field study, the authors measured cognitive, affective, and behavioral learning outcomes after a diversity training program as well as the subsequent use of transfer strategies on the job. They examined the influence of learning outcomes, trainee characteristics, and environmental characteristics on the use of transfer strategies. Trainee race/ethnicity and the work unit transfer climate are the best predictors of trainees' transfer strategy use. Among the learning outcomes, skill learning is the only significant predictor of transfer strategy use
There is more to communication than tongue placement and 'show and tell': discussing communication from a speech pathology perspective
No full textSpeech pathologists are typically described as communication specialists whose prime focus is to work with people who have communication disorders. Speech pathology is often described as a communication science. The key to understanding how speech pathologists conceptualize communication lies in understanding how speech pathologists as a profession deal with the notion of what constitutes effective communication. Typically speech pathologists identify communication as effective when both the speaker and the listener have executed their roles to an age expected level within the biological capabilities of the individual. The way speech pathologists talk about communication identifies their conceptualization of communication as primarily a biological process. Speech pathologists also use the language of descriptive linguistics to describe the specific aspects of an individual’s communication system but this use of linguistic terminology occurs in such a way that it too becomes another means of defining communication in terms of biology. This definition fits neatly within the realm of the health sciences which is where speech pathology is typically situated as speech pathology tends to follow a medical model in relation to the identification and treatment of communication disorders. Duchan describes the medical view of diagnosis as, ‘locating the problem within the individual, preferably within the person’s biological system’. Given that communication is not only a biological phenomenon, this somewhat narrow conceptualization of communication can be problematic when applied to the many and varied situations in which speech pathologists are required to describe an individual’s communication system.
Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo1-4
No full textInverse associations between muscle mass, strength, and the metabolic syndrome
No full textThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of individual cardiovascular disease risk factors, which doubles the risk of early mortality. The authors' aimed to determine the prevalence and population attributable risk (PAR%) of the MetS among men according to demographic, physical, and lifestyle risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1195 men in the Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study, a regionally representative cohort of Australian men aged 35 to 81 years conducted in 2002-2005 (response rate, 45.1%). Prevalent MetS was determined according to the Adult Treatment Panel III (ATPIII) and International Diabetes Federation (IDF) classifications; and an extensive list of demographic, physical (including muscle strength, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, sex hormones), and lifestyle factors was accounted for. Prevalence estimates were 37.7% and 41.8% for ATPIII and IDF classifications. Odds ratios for present MetS were determined using multiple-adjusted logistic regression. Odds for present ATPIII MetS decreased (in order of importance) for lower insulin and increased for lower muscle mass, lower strength, and 3+ medical conditions. Odds for present IDF MetS decreased for lower insulin and increased for lower muscle mass, strength, and sex hormone–binding globulin levels; older age; and being married. Significant PAR% due to lowest insulin, muscle mass, and strength quarters were −44%, 27%, and 17% for the ATPIII Met, and −48%, 31%, and 20% for the IDF MetS. A substantial proportion of MetS cases would have been theoretically prevented if prior exposure to low muscle mass and strength were eradicated (PAR% ranged from 14% to 24%). Findings indicate that insulin resistance is a central abnormality in the MetS and that muscle mass and strength are strong protective factors independent of insulin resistance and abdominal fat accumulation. If confirmed prospectively, increases in muscle mass and strength needed to prevent a substantial proportion of MetS cases would be achievable with a short-term strength training intervention.
