Jurnal Rekayasa Proses
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Kinetics Study of Paracetamol Production from Para-Aminophenol and Acetic Anhydride
Full text linkIn the last decade, Indonesia intensifies the efforts to reduce pharmaceutical imports. One of the initiatives is establishing a paracetamol production facility to start operating in 2024. Kinetics study is needed as a basis to design the paracetamol reactor. This study investigated the optimal temperature, reactant mole ratio, and agitation speed in the reactor for paracetamol production. In this study, aqueous solution of para-aminophenol was reacted with acetic anhydride. The mole ratio of para-aminophenol to acetic anhydride was varied to 1:1, 1:1.2, 1:1.5, and 1:2 while the temperature was varied to 80 °C, 90 °C, and 110 °C. However, due to uncontrolled heat of the reaction and limitation of the mixture’s boiling point, the actual reaction temperatures were 86 °C, 90 °C, and 108 °C. In addition, the agitation speed of 250 RPM and 350 RPM were also studied. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and densitometry were used to determine the concentration of paracetamol in the reacting mixture. The optimum temperature, reactant mole ratio, and agitation speed in this study were 108 °C, 1:1.5, and 350 RPM, respectively. In addition, a reaction performed under those operating parameters gave the reaction rate constant of 1.95 L mol-1 min-1.Keywords: acetic anhydride; kinetics; para-aminophenol; paracetamol; pharmaceutical industry A B S T R A KDalam sepuluh tahun terakhir ini, Indonesia bertekad mengurangi impor bahan baku farmasi. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah membangun fasilitas produksi parasetamol yang akan mulai beroperasi pada tahun 2024. Studi kinetika diperlukan sebagai dasar perancangan reaktor parasetamol. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini mengkaji kondisi operasi optimal pada reaksi produksi parasetamol yang akan dibutuhkan sebagai dasar perancangan pabrik. Pada percobaan ini, para-aminofenol direaksikan dengan anhidrida asetat dengan media air. Rasio mol para-aminofenol terhadap asetat anhidrida divariasikan 1:1 1:1,2, 1:1,5, dan 1:2 sedangkan temperatur divariasikan 80 °C, 90 °C, dan 110 °C. Akan tetapi, karena panas reaksi yang tidak dikontrol dan batasan berupa titik didih dari campuran reaksi, temperatur aktual reaksi menjadi 86 °C, 90 °C, dan 108 °C. Selain itu, kecepatan putaran pengadukan juga divariasikan pada angka 250 RPM dan 350 RPM. Kromatografi lapis tipis (KLT) dan densitometri digunakan untuk menentukan konsentrasi parasetamol dalam campuran reaksi. Temperatur, rasio mol reaktan, dan kecepatan putaran pengadukan yang optimum pada penelitian ini masing-masing adalah 110 °C, 1:1,5, dan 350 RPM. Selain itu, reaksi yang dilakukan dengan kondisi operasi tersebut menghasilkan konstanta laju reaksi 1,95 L mol-1 menit-1.Kata kunci: anhidrida asetat, industri farmasi, kinetika, para-aminofenol, parasetamo
Characteristics and Kinetics Study of Glycerolabietate from Glycerol and Abietic Acid from Rosin
Full text linkRosin is a natural resin from the coniferous tree sap, which separated from its oil content (terpenes). Rosin is brittle. Therefore modifications are needed to improve its mechanical properties. The main content of rosin is abietic acid which has a carboxylic group, so it can form an ester group when reacted with polyhydric alcohol (polyalcohol) such as glycerol. The research aimed to study the kinetics of the esterification reaction between the hydroxyl group in glycerol and the carboxylic group in abietic acid from rosin at various reaction temperatures and reactant compositions. This reaction is carried out in a three-neck flask at atmospheric pressure without a catalyst. The reaction temperatures used were 180˚C, 200˚C, and 220˚C, and the ratio of rosin and glycerol was 1:1, 1:3, and 1:5. The reaction kinetics calculations were analyzed with acid number data over the reaction time using three different models. The calculations showed that this reaction involves positioning a hydroxyl group on glycerol, which the primary and secondary hydroxyl groups contribute to forming a rosin ester (glycerolabietate). The rate of reaction constants of primary hydroxyl of glycerol and abietic acid were in the range 6.25x10-4 - 3.90x10-3 g/(mgeq.min), while reaction rate constants of secondary hydroxyl and abietic acid were in the range 1.06x10-5 - 1.15x10-4 g/(mgeq.min). FTIR analysis showed a change in the hydroxyl, carboxylate, and ester groups which were assigned by a shift of wavenumber and a difference of intensity at 3200-3570 cm-1, 1697.36 cm-1, and 1273.02 cm-1
Separation of 6-Gingerol in Zingiber Officinale Rubrum Varieties Using an Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Method
Full text linkGingerol is a chemical compound found in red ginger, with pharmaceutical use as an analgesic drug. Generally, gingerol separation in ginger uses the Soxhlet extraction method, but this process has a weakness. It requires a long process and unsatisfactory yield. This research aims to study ultrasonic frequency effect on increasing gingerol yield in the extraction process. The variables studied were extraction times with variations of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. In addition, the ultrasonic effect was also observed with variations in the ultrasonic frequency of 40 and 50 kHz compared to the solvent extraction method. This study used 70% (v/v) ethanol as a solvent and an operating temperature of 50 ºC as fixed variables.Furthermore, it used a rotary vacuum evaporator at a pressure of 350 mmHg to separate the resulting gingerol extract. Qualitative sample analysis used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) while quantitative analysis used high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Waters Alliance e2695 brand with X-Terra RP18 column 100 x 4.6 mm, five μm to determine the total gingerol extract. The results showed that ultrasonic power had a significant effect on the results obtained, with the highest yield was 24.71% at the ultrasonic frequency of 50 kHz with an extraction time of 120 minutes
Effect of Surfactant Type on Synthesis and Characteristics of Nanonickel Hydroxide
No full textNickel hydroxide has a vital role in various applications, especially as a support material for energy storage materials. Nickel hydroxide can be synthesized through the hydroxide precipitation method. However, the product formed by this method may be large or more than 100 nm because the agglomeration step can occur easily. This present work aims to study the effect of surfactant types in the synthesis and characterization of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle. Nickel sulfate (NiSO4) solution was used as a precursor solution, while 5M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used as a precipitation agent. The surfactants studied were alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The nickel hydroxide synthesis process was carried out at 50 oC for 1 hour. The surfactant concentration used was at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), where the CMC for ABS, SDS, CTAB, and PVP were 0.01; 0.05; 3; and 0.5 %w/v, respectively. The synthesis of nickel hydroxide nanoparticle was carried out successfully precipitated almost 100% of Ni2+ ions. The product characterization that has been carried out shows that ABS surfactant produces the best nickel hydroxide nanoparticle product where the particle size is 3.12–4.47 nm
Preparasi Katalis MgO/C dari Pirolisis Polimer Berbasis Magnesium Salisilat dan Aplikasinya untuk Reaksi Transesterifikasi
Full text linkThe objective of the study is to produce carbon-based magnesium oxide (MgO) solid base catalyst by pyrolysis of phenolic resin and to examine the material effectiveness as a catalyst for transesterification reaction. The phenolic resins were prepared by polymerization process of phenol, derivative salicylic acid (magnesium salicylate), and formaldehyde aqueous solution under acidic condition using H2SO4 as catalyst. The molar ratio of magnesium salicylate:phenol:formaldehyde was 0.33:0.67:2.80. Carbon-based magnesium oxide solid base catalyst (MgO/C) was produced from phenolic resins via physical activation process using steam at 850°C. Material was characterized using N2-sorption analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pyrolysis process for carbon formation resulted in 75% burn-off. The specific surface area of catalyst was 494 m2/g and the presence of MgO was confirmed by XRD diffraction pattern (2θ position of 36-43°, 61-63°, dan 74-78° according to JCPDS No.89-7746) and SEM image. Characteristic comparison of MgO/C with carbon produced from phenol formaldehyde resin (without magnesium salicylate) corroborate the finding that MgO/C was achieved. The catalyst was tested for transesterification reaction between palm oil and methanol. Conversion of 28.3% was achieved at temperature of 65 °C, reactant ratio of methanol: palm oil = 6:1 and reaction time of 2.5 hours. The activation energy of 6,444 cal/mol was obtained when evaluated in the range of 55-65 °C reaction temperature.Keywords: biodiesel; catalyst; magnesium oxide; phenolic resin; porous carbonA B S T R A KTujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat katalis magnesium oksida (MgO) yang teremban dalam karbon hasil dari proses pirolisis resin fenolik dan menguji efektivitasnya sebagai katalis reaksi transesterifikasi. Resin fenolik diperoleh melalui proses polimerisasi fenol, turunan asam salisilat (magnesium salisilat), dan formaldehid dalam kondisi asam menggunakan H2SO4 sebagai katalis. Rasio mol dari magnesium salisilat:fenol:formaldehid adalah 0,33:0,67:2,80. Katalis magnesium oksida teremban pada karbon (MgO/C) diperoleh dari pirolisis resin fenolik menggunakan steam pada suhu 850°C. Material dikarakterisasi dengan N2 adsorpsi-desorpsi isotherm, X-ray diffraction (XRD) dan scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Pirolisis untuk menghasilkan karbon memiliki burn-off sekitar 75%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa katalis MgO/C memiliki luas permukaan sekitar 494 m2/g dan keberadaan MgO dikonfirmasi dari hasil pola difraksi XRD (posisi 2θ antara 36-43°, 61-63°, dan 74-78° sesuai dengan standar JCPDS No.89-7746) dan gambar SEM. Pembandingan karakteristik MgO/C dengan karbon hasil polimer fenol formaldehid (tanpa magnesium salisilat) memperkuat kesimpulan bahwa MgO/C dapat diperoleh. Katalis yang diperoleh digunakan sebagai katalis transesterifikasi antara minyak kelapa sawit dengan metanol. Konversi reaksi sebesar 28,3% didapatkan pada suhu 65 °C dan rasio reaktan metanol:minyak kelapa sawit = 6:1 dan waktu reaksi 2,5 jam. Energi aktivasi sebesar 6.444 kal/mol diperoleh pada rentang suhu reaksi 55-65 °C.Kata kunci: biodiesel; karbon berpori; katalis; magnesium oksida; resin fenoli
A Review on the Hydroisomerisasion of n-Parafins over Supported Metal Catalysts
Full text linkCatalytic hydroisomerization of n-paraffin aims to produce branched paraffin isomers and suppress cracking reactions in the production of the low cloud point of biodiesel. The development of the type of metal and catalyst support, amount of metal loading, and reaction conditions are important to increase the catalyst activity. A high performace catalyst for hydroisomerization bears bifunctional characteristics with a high level of hydrogenation active sites and low acidity, maximizing the progress of hydroisomerization compared to the competitive cracking reaction. In addition, a catalyst support with smaller pore size can hinder large molecular structure isoparaffins to react on the acid site in the pore thus providing good selectivity for converting n-paraffin. Catalysts loaded with noble metals (Pt or Pd) showed significantly higher selectivity for hydroisomerization than non-noble transition metals such as Ni, Co, Mo and W. The reaction temperature and contact time are also important parameters in hydroisomerization of long chain paraffin, because long contact times and high temperatures tend to produce undesired byproducts of cracking. This review reports several examples of supported metal catalyst used in the hydroisomerization of long chain hydrocarbon n-paraffins under optimized reaction conditions, providing the best isomerization selectivity results with the lowest amount of byproducts. The role of various metals and their supports will be explained mainly for bifunctional catalysts
Eco-friendly Alkyd Resins Based on Vegetable Oil: Review
Full text linkThe alkyd resin industry currently needs environmentally friendly raw materials, which emphasized the aspect of sustainability. Alkyd resin is a polymer product with oil as raw material which is widely used in the paint, coating, and other industries. The abundant demand for alkyd resin has led to a diversification of the raw material for alkyd resin from vegetable oils. The advantages of vegetable oil include being a renewable energy source for industry, sustainability, biodegradability, and being environmentally friendly as important considerations for the industry in recent times. This paper examines alkyd resins derived from several vegetable oils that are environmentally friendly. Alkyd resin is prepared by alcoholysis and esterification. Based on several studies of alkyd resins, there have been many modifications to the raw materials, technology, and catalysts used which can refer to an environmentally friendly and affordable industry.Keywords: alkyd resin; biodegradability; environmentally friendly; sustainability; vegetable oilA B S T R A KIndustri polimer pada masa ini membutuhkan bahan baku yang ramah lingkungan, yang menekankan pada keberlanjutan. Alkid resin adalah salah satu produk berbasis minyak yang banyak digunakan dalam industri cat, coating, dan industri lainnya. Keberlanjutan, biodegradabilitas, dan keramahan terhadap lingkungan menjadi pertimbangan signifikan bagi industri berbasis minyak nabati dalam beberapa waktu terakhir. Di dalam naskah ini, diulas beberapa minyak nabati yang digunakan untuk memproduksi alkid resin dengan cara alkoholisis dan esterifikasi. Berdasarkan berbagai studi yang telah dilakukan, masih terdapat modifikasi dari sisi material, teknologi dan katalis agar tercipta industri yang ramah lingkungan.Kata kunci: alkid resin; biodegradabilitas; keberlanjutan; minyak nabati; ramah lingkunga
Evaluasi Aspek Teknis dan Lingkungan Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah (IPAL) Komunal di Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta
Full text linkAs the producer of waste (both in solid form and wastewater), the increase of population creates a dominant effect on environmental problems. Escalation of the amount of domestic wastewater has led to greater sanitation problems. Indonesian government has carried out several programs for improving sanitation access and facilities. Community-based wastewater treatment plant (Communal WWTP) is one of the priority programs. Sleman Regency in Special Province of Yogyakarta owns 131 communal WWTP, where the oldest one had been built in 2006 while the newest one was installed in 2018. In this study, the techno-environmental assessment of communal WWTP in the District of Sleman, Yogyakarta was carried out. Sampling selection of communal WWTPs was undertaken using Stratified Random Sampling techniques. Data collection was executed by a combination of field surveys and in depth-interview of several relevant personnel. The study was done for 30 communal WTTP in various Districts in Sleman regency. Assessment was carried out based on the Likert scale of 4. The results showed that the average score for environment aspect was 2.94 (good), while that for technical aspect was 3.52 (very good). Overall, the techno-environmental score of communal WWTP in Sleman Regency, Yogyakarta was 3.23 out of 4, which was categorized as good.Keywords: communal WWTP; domestic wastewater; Likert scale sanitation; Sleman regency; stratified random samplingA B S T R A KSebagai produsen limbah (baik limbah padat maupun air limbah), peningkatan jumlah penduduk berpengaruh dominan terhadap masalah lingkungan. Eskalasi jumlah air limbah domestik berujung pada masalah sanitasi yang semakin besar. Pemerintah Indonesia sudah menjalankan beberapa program untuk meningkatkan fasilitas dan akses sanitasi. Instalasi pengolahan air limbah komunal (IPAL) menjadi salah satu program prioritas. Kabupaten Sleman memiliki 131 IPAL komunal, yang tertua dibangun tahun 2006 dan yang terbaru pada tahun 2018. Dalam penelitian ini, asesmen teknologi lingkungan (techno-environment) dilakukan terhadap IPAL komunal di Kabupaten Sleman, Yogyakarta. Pengumpulan data dikerjakan menggunakan kombinasi metode survei lapangan dan wawancara mendalam dengan pelaku IPAL komunal yang relevan. Pemilihan sampel IPAL komunal dipilih menggunakan teknik Sampling Acak Terstratifikasi (Stratified Random Sampling). Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 30 IPAL Komunal di berbagai Kecamatan di Kabupaten Sleman. Asesmen dilakukan berdasarkan skala Likert (4). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek lingkungan memperoleh skor rata-rata 2,94 (baik) dan aspek teknis-teknologis 3,52 (sangat baik). Secara keseluruhan kategori teknologi-lingkungan (techno-environment) dari IPAL Komunal di Kabupaten Sleman Yogyakarta mempunyai skor rata-rata 3,23 dari nilai maksimal 4, dan dikategorikan sebagai baik.Kata kunci: air limbah domestic; IPAL komunal; Kabupaten Sleman; sanitasi; Sampling Acak Terstratifikasi; skala Liker
Modifikasi Proses Pengolahan Boiler Feed Water (BFW) dari All Volatile Treatment (AVT) menjadi Oxygenated Treatment (OT) untuk Produksi Listrik Ramah Lingkungan
Full text linkIn power plant industries, boiler feed water (BFW) quality becomes the main parameter for steam generation, which is used for electricity production. To generate standard BFW for power plants, each impurity within water resources should be removed to prevent corrosion and scale deposition by several processes such as sedimentation, coagulation, polishing, and deaeration. Operation conditions that involved high temperature would trigger corrosion as a crucial factor in the maintenance and practical lifetime of the equipment. In the beginning of the operation, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) used All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) by injection of both ammonia and hydrazine. In order to optimize the operation, the BFW treatment was changed to All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) that only uses of ammonia and deaerator for removing the dissolved gas. Based on the actual evaluation, AVT technology showed less performance related to corrosion prevention and high chemical consumption. Therefore, PT. CEP tried to implement modification in the BFW treatment, which is AVT technology to Oxygenated Treatment (OT). This paper is to evaluate the effect of those modifications on corrosion prevention and resource-energy saving. The modification into OT showed valuable results that decrease concentration of dissolved Fe from 1 ppb to 0.1 ppb in the deaerator outlet stream. This data reveals that good corrosion prevention can be achieved through the creation of passive layers, hematite Fe2O3. Oxygen injection into the water circulation system yielded an oxidation atmosphere so that the passive layer, Fe2O3, was formed. In addition to corrosion prevention, this modification also cut the amount of ammonia injection into the system from 2 ppm to 0.12 ppm. Reduction of that ammonia injection provides other benefits such as decreasing the volume of resin regeneration, which becomes only twice a month. This situation also created other benefits such as reducing the regeneration water, chemicals, and wastewater. Thus, the modification could establish the electricity production by PT. CEP more environmentally friendly and sustainable.A B S T R A KPada operasi PLTU, kualitas boiler feed water (BFW) menjadi parameter yang krusial untuk menghasilkan steam yang akan digunakan untuk memproduksi listrik. Untuk mendapatkan BFW sesuai dengan standar yang ada, maka pengotor di dalam air baku industri harus dihilangkan karena dapat menyebabkan korosi dan pembentukan kerak, baik pada pipa maupun peralatan. Kondisi operasi yang melibatkan steam pada suhu tinggi menyebabkan korosi menjadi masalah yang krusial terutama terkait dengan maintenance dan umur efektif pabrik. Pada awal berdirinya, PT. Cirebon Electric Power (CEP) menggunakan teknologi All Volatile Treatment–Reduction (AVT-R) dengan injeksi amonia dan hidrazin. Selanjutnya, dilakukan optimasi melalui perubahan proses menjadi All Volatile Treatment–Oxidation (AVT-O) dengan hanya menginjeksikan amonia dan mengoptimalkan fungsi deaerator untuk menghilangkan pengotor dissolved gas. Berdasarkan data lapangan, teknologi AVT yang digunakan kurang memberikan pencegahan korosi yang baik dan juga jumlah bahan kimia yang digunakan masih relatif banyak. Agar lebih ramah lingkungan dan handal, PT. CEP berusaha untuk melakukan modifikasi terhadap pengolahan boiler feed water (BFW) dari yang semula menggunakan teknologi AVT-O menjadi Oxygenated Treatment (OT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi dampak modifikasi sistem AVT menjadi OT pada pencegahan korosi dan juga penghematan sumber daya. Modifikasi sistem AVT-O menjadi OT berhasil menurunkan konsentrasi dissolved Fe dari 1 ppb menjadi 0,1 ppb pada BFW. Hal ini menunjukkan terjadinya peningkatan pencegahan korosi melalui pembentukan double protective layer yang merupakan kombinasi magnetite (Fe3O4) dan hematite (Fe2O3). Injeksi oksigen ke dalam sistem mengubah kondisi air menjadi suasana oksidasi sehingga mampu mengubah dan membentuk lapisan baru sebagai pencegahan korosi. Selain pencegahan korosi, modifikasi ini juga berhasil menurunkan jumlah injeksi amonia dari 2 ppm menjadi 0,12 ppm dalam siklus air yang ada. Penurunan jumlah injeksi amonia ini akan memberikan keuntungan beruntun berupa berkurangnya frekuensi regenerasi resin dari semula 8 menjadi 2 kali perbulan. Kondisi ini akan menghasilkan penghematan sumber daya berupa kebutuhan air untuk regenerasi, bahan kimia amonia, dan beban pencemaran. Oleh karena itu, modifikasi ini telah membuat proses produksi listrik di PT. CEP lebih ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan.Kata kunci: All Volatile Treatment (AVT); efisiensi energi; korosi boiler; Oxygenated Treatment (OT
Tip-Cylinder Electrode Plasma to Enhance the Coating of Conductive Yarn Process
Full text linkThis study aims to develop conductive textile materials using a polyester textile yarn by applying a knife coating method and pre-treatment of a tip-cylinder plasma electrode. In this research, carbon ink was coated on polyester staple yarn which was given a pre-treatment with a plasma generator and coated with the knife coating method. The electrical conductivity of conductive yarns produced from this study was divided into two types, as yarns without plasma treatment and with plasma treatment with a ratio of water and carbon ink concentrations of 1:1 and 2:1. The results of the electrical conductivity with plasma treatment and the concentration of carbon ink and water of 1:1 and 1:2 were 69005 (Ωm)-1 and 50144.25 (Ωm)-1, respectively, while the results of the electrical conductivity for threads with concentrations of carbon ink and water of 1:1 and 1:2 without plasma treatment were 18197.64 (Ωm)‑1 and 8873.54 (Ωm)-1, respectively. The results showed that the concentration of carbon ink and water and plasma treatment affected the conductive value of the yarn. The results also showed that the presence of plasma pre-treatment improved the coating process of conductive ink on the yarn.Keywords: carbon ink; conductive yarn; plasma; textile A B S T R A KPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan tekstil konduktif menggunakan benang tekstil poliester dengan mengaplikasikan metode knife coating dan pre-treatment plasma elektroda tip-cylinder. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pelapisan dengan tinta karbon pada benang poliester stapel yang diberi perlakuan awal dengan plasma generator dan dilapisi dengan metode pelapisan knife coating. Konduktivitas listrik benang konduktif yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini dibagi menjadi dua jenis, yaitu benang tanpa perlakuan plasma dan dengan perlakuan plasma dengan perbandingan konsentrasi air dan tinta karbon sebesar 1:1 dan 2:1. Hasil konduktivitas listrik dengan perlakuan plasma dan konsentrasi tinta karbon dan air sebesar 1:1 dan 1:2 masing-masing adalah 69005 (Ωm)‑1 dan 50144,25 (Ωm)-1, sedangkan hasil konduktivitas listrik untuk benang dengan konsentrasi tinta karbon dan air sebesar 1:1 dan 1:2 tanpa perlakuan plasma masing-masing adalah 18197,64 (Ωm)-1 dan 8873,54 (Ωm)-1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi tinta karbon dan air serta perlakuan plasma berpengaruh terhadap nilai konduktivitas benang serta adanya pre-treatment plasma dapat meningkatkan proses coating tinta konduktif pada benang.Kata kunci: benang konduktif; plasma; tekstil; tinta karbon