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Simulation of Root-Matted Cutting by Use of Distinct Elemet Method
No full textA numerical technique, the distinct element method (DEM.l, was used to simulate the mechanical behavior of root-matted soil. The conventional DEM was modified with introducing a tensile parameter on the mechanical relationship between the DEM elements. The validity of the modified model was investigated by conducting an experiment in which root-matted soil is cut by a blade. The simulation results indicate the appropriateness of the modified DEM The effects of tension from the experimental results could be simulated by the DEM. This study has provided new and valuable information on the behavior of soil and root at cutting process
Kadar dan Aktivitas Antoksidan Minuman Kunyit dan Asam yang Manis
No full textThe aim of this research were to know effect of curcuma and tamarind proportion and type of sugar on antioxidarit content and activity, correlation of antioxidant content and activity of curcuma and tamarind drink, and its compare with curcuma and tamarind drink commercially available. The research method was Randomized Completely Block Design (RCBD) factorial design. The trial factor were proportion of curcuma and tamarind 100 : 0, 80 : 20, 60 : 40, 40 : 60, 20 : 80, 0 : 100, respectively and type ofsugar, they were palm sugar and liquid sugar. The result of this research showed that the increase proportion of tamarind caused increase phenolic content but decrease of ascorbic acid content and curcumin absorbance of the drink The increasing proportion of tamarind to 20 percent on curcuma gave increase antioxidant activity but the increasing proportion of tamarind from 40 to 100 percent decrease antioxidant activity. Compare with palm sugar, increasing liquid sugar increased ascorbic acid content and antioxidant activity. There was correlation between antioxidant content and antioxidant activity
Pendugaan kerusakan Akibat Impak pada Buah Apel dengan Metode Elemen Hingga
No full textDamage caused by impact in apple was predicted using finite element method Apple model was axi-•ymetric three dimensions consisted 779-1 tetrahylrical elemeitts with 1612 nodes representing an apple having 2.5 AlPa Yon; modulus, 0.145 Poisson ratio. 134.5 g mass and 164,4 cm . Impact was simulated by employing an acceleration of 135 g (g = 9,81m/s1) on the model. During simulation, damage was supposed to occur when the stress suffered by cell was greater than its strength. The strength of cell was adopted from the previous study which was 0.44 Zone q" damage resulted by impact was compared to the damage of the real apple caused by impact with the same energy level. The result of the simulation indicated that- the zone of damage in the apple matched to the damage of the real apple. This finding suggested that the finite element method could be employed to accurately predict the damage mechanism caused by impact on apple
Characterization of Extra-and Intracelullar from Proliverating Yeast during Tempeh Production
No full textProliferating yeast species such as Endomycopsis burtonii, Candida diddensiae and Candida iropicalis, produced both extra- and intracellular phytases during tempeh (soaking of soybean) production. The enzymes were isolated from growth media and the cultured yeast. and partially purified by acetone fractionation. Extracellular phytase activities were higher than that of the intracellular enzymes. The extra- and intracellular phytases of E. burtonii., C. diddensiae and C. iropicalis acted over a narrow pH ranging at 3.2 - 4.8 and the maximum activity at temperatures between 45° - 70°C. Estimated K„, values for extra- and intracellular phytases from yeast were within the range 0.5 - 3.1.x 10' M. The V„,„„ values were within the range 0.004 - 0.19 }mole P, liberated/min/m1 enzyme for the extra- and intracellular phytases of E. burtonii, C. diddensiae and C. iropicalis. The activation energy for hydrolysis of phytic acid by extra- and intracellular phytases of E. burtonii, C. diddensiae and C. iropicalis were calculated by,the Arrhenius equation being 7,100; 9,100; 13,00, 5,600, 7,100 and 21,700 cal/mole, respectively
Pengembangan Tortila Berkalsium Sebagai Alternatif Pangan Diet Casein Free-Gluten Free pada Industri Kecil dengan Metode Value Engineering
Get PDFThe number of people with autism increased 56% in 1998 – 2013, and it was a global problem. People with autism need special treatments and CFGF diet (casein free, gluten free) was one of those treatments. That’s why, the development The calcium content was expected to substitute the calcium from dairy consumption, which shouldn’t be consumed by people with autism. The method used in this product development was value engineering which separated in three steps: information, creativity, and analysis steps. Respectively, this research was also further completed with chemical The goal of this research was to design some product implemented in small scale industry. Respondends and panelist in this research were consisted of students and teachers. They acted as the market of the product, especially as a part of general society. This product were designed to provide CFGF snack for people with autism, and those who need CFGF diet. But this product was not limited to that market, it can be consumed by general society not only for people with autism, hence the students and teachers were used. The research showed that the best concept was a product produced with to get 200 grams of dough. This product concept was also designed to be packed in big size gusset packaging materials and the chips was triangle-shaped with size of feasible to be produced in small scale industry.ABSTRAKDengan jumlah penyandang autis yang terus meningkat, misalnya peningkatan sebesar 56% pada 1998 – 2013, maka produk tortila berkalsium potensial dikembangkan sebagai alternatif pangan untuk diet CFGF (casein free, gluten free) dan kandungan kalsiumnya bisa membantu menggantikan kalsium dari susu sapi yang mengandung kasein. Tujuan penelitian adalah merancang sejumlah konsep produk tortila berkalsium dan memilih satu konsep yang paling disukai Metode penelitian adalah yang terdiri dari tiga tahap: informasi, kreativitas dan analisa. Penelitian juga dilengkapi analisa lanjutan: analisa kimia guru, selaku masyarakat umum yang bisa mengonsumsi produk. Produk ini memang diawali dari adanya kebutuhan diet CFGF, namun konsumsi produk tetap bisa untuk umum sehingga produk bisa dikonsumsi semua kalangan, tidak terbatas hanya untuk penyandang autis yang perlu diet CFGF. Konsep terbaik yang diperoleh adalah tortila dengan komposisi bahan berupa rasio tepung jagung : tapioka sebesar 50:50 dan 3 g garam serta 7 g tepung tulang rawan ayampedaging, per 200 g adonan keripik. Konsep ini didesain dengan kemasan gusset ukuran besar, serta bentuk kepingan
Optimasi Kualitas Tandan Buah Segar Kelapa Sawit dalam Proses Panen-Angkut Menggunakan Model Dinamis
Get PDFOil palm fresh fruit bunch (FFB) handling processes, i.e harvesting, loading, and transporting to the Palm Oil Mill are interrelated activities because each of them contributed to the degradation of oil palm fruit quality. This paper presented studied among factors that together in series interfere FFB quality. FFB quality parameter observed was Free Fatty Acid (FFA) content. Experiment was conducted by measuring FFA content of FFB at each step of handling processes, i.e harvesting, transportation in plantation block, loading into truck, and transportation to the palm oil mill. Interrelationship among factors was built using dynamic modelling. Output of dynamic model simulation showed that there was differences of FFA content among different handling conditions. A slight difference on FFA content was observed between harvesting in mineral land and peatland and among different plant heights. Loading into truck was a handling step that had biggest contribution to quality degradation due to FFB bruise. FFBs laid on the base of truck bin suffered more bruise that resulted in higher FFA content. Manual loading of FFB harvested from mineral soil by throwing to the bottom of truck bin resulted in FFA content of bruised fruit by 5.5%, higher compared to those of the top layer which was 4.5%. Model also showed that FFA content increased due to series handling steps, compared with natural degradation. Proportion of good FFB can be used to control the whole FFA content. Without mixing, bruised FFB produced FFA content of 9.95 %, while mixing bruished and good fruit at a ratio 20 % : 80 % resulted in FFA content of 2.82 %. Increasing bruise fruit proportion from 10 % to 20 % resulted in higher FFA content of fruit harvested on mineral land than those harvested on peat land (0.88 % compare to 0.80 %), and resulted in 0.92 % increment for 3rd maturity level fruit harvested compared to 0.72 % for 1st maturity level harvested fruit. Recommendations related to harvesting were: 1) If the road and truck bin was in bad condition, FFB should be harvested at 1st or 2nd level of maturity; 2) The optimum harvesting-transportation condition for FFB quality was at 1st maturity level in peat land and transported by wood bin truck. While recommendations related to transportation were: 1) The manual loading by throwing to truck bin should be avoided; and 2) In order to maintain FFB quality, loading and transportation delay was better than waiting or queing in oil palm mill. ABSTRAKProses penanganan Tandan Buah Segar (TBS) kelapa sawit, yaitu pemanenan, pemuatan, dan pengangkutan ke pabrik minyak kelapa sawit merupakan kegiatan saling terkait, karena masing-masing berkontribusi terhadap penurunan kualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari keterkaitan antar faktor-faktor yang bersama-sama secara berurutan mempengaruhi kualitas TBS. Parameter kualitas TBS yang diamati adalah kadar Asam Lemak Bebas (ALB). Metode yang digunakan adalah mengukur kadar ALB TBS pada setiap tahap proses penanganan bahan, yaitu pemanenan, pengangkutan di dalam blok kebun, pemuatan ke bak truk, dan pengangkutan ke pabrik minyak kelapa sawit. Keterkaitan antar faktor dibangun dengan model dinamis. Keluaran dari simulasi model dinamis menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kadar ALB antar kondisi penanganan TBS yang berbeda. Terdapat sedikit perbedaan kadar ALB antara TBS yang dipanen pada lahan mineral dan lahan gambut dan antara ketinggian pohon yang berbeda. Tahap penanganan TBS yang berkontribusi paling besar kepada penurunan kualitas akibat memar adalah pemuatan ke bak truk. TBS yang dimuat di dasar bak truk mengalami memar lebih banyak sehingga kadar ALB-nya lebih tinggi. Kadar ALB TBS yang dipanen di lahan mineral dan dimuat pada dasar bak truk 5,5 %, sedangkan yang di lapisan atas 4,5 %. Model menunjukkan bahwa kadar ALB meningkat pada penanganan bahan berurutan, berbeda dengan penurunan kualitas secara alami. Proporsi buah utuh dapat digunakan untuk mengendalikan kadar ALB secara keseluruhan. Bila seluruh buah memar, kadar ALB dapat mencapai 9,95 %, sedangkan campuran 20 % buah memar dan 80 % buah utuh, kadar ALB-nya 2,82 %. Peningkatan proporsi buah memar dari 10 % menjadi 20 % untuk buah yang dipanen dari lahan mineral menyebabkan penambahan kadar ALB lebih besar daripada buah yang dipanen dari lahan gambut, yaitu 0,88 % dibanding 0,80 %. Hal yang sama menyebabkan perbedaan kadar ALB 0,92 % untuk buah yang dipanen pada fraksi 3 dan 0,72 % untuk buah dipanen pada fraksi 1. Rekomendasi dari hasil penelitian ini adalah: 1) Pemuatan dengan pelemparan TBS secara manual sebaiknya dihindari; 2) Bila kondisi bak truk dan jalan buruk, sebaiknya TBS dipanen pada fraksi 1 atau 2; 3) Titik optimum kualitas TBS saat panen dan angkut adalah pada fraksi 1 di lahan gambut dan diangkut dengan truk bak kayu, dan 4) Dari sisi kualitas TBS, penundaan pengangkutan lebih menguntungkan daripada menunggu proses (mengantri) di pabrik minyak kelapa sawit (PMKS)
