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Evaluation of Groundwater Pollution Nitrogen Fertilizer Using Expert System
No full textAn expert system was used to correlate the availability of nitrogen fertilizer with the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution in Peninsula Malaysia to identify potential groundwater quality problems. The expert system could predict the groundwater pollution potential under several conditions of agricultural activities and exiting environments. Four categories of groundwater pollution potential were identified base on an N-fertilizer groundwater pollution potential index. A groundwater pollution expert system developed can be use as a tool for the implementation of groundwater pollution potential approach. This facilitated the identification of priority areas for future on site sampling and quantification of groundwater quality. Current cropping patterns and practice need to be evaluated in areas with high susceptibility to groundwater pollution and availability of nitrogen fertilizer. This study indicated that the cultivation of crops requiring high nitrogen fertilizer application rates have the potential to impact groundwater quality. This impact will vary from study area to area on the specific crops grown and their distribution over vulnerable areas
Formulasi dan Pengolahan Margarin Menggunakan Fraksi Minyak Sawit pada Skala Industri Kecil Serta Aplikasinya dalam Pembuatan Bolu Gulung
Get PDFThe development of bakery products has a positive impact on increasing margarine consumption. In addition, the variations of margarine formula are increasingly required for the development of the variety of bakery products, thus the production of margarine is promising to be developed on the small industries. The aims of the research was to produce margarine using palm oil and red palm oil and its application in roll cake. RPO was added in mixture as natural dyes and pro-vitamine A, so no need to use synthetic dyes. This research was conducted with 3 stages include: 1) formulation of margarine with mixing RBDPO and RPO at ratio 97.5:2.5 to 85:15 through the chemical physical properties approach of commercial margarine include fatty acid composition, iodine value, melting point and solid fat content, 2) optimization of the production of margarine using the best formula in reactor for texturing at 50 kg/ batch with varying temperature of the cooling medium (5±2, 12±2, 20±2 °C) and the time of process (0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 min). Product was analyzed include water content, color, form, texture and their stability during storage, and 3) application of margarine for preparation of roll cake and its organoleptic test. The result of the formulation of margarine using RBDPO and RPO was obtained equivalent formula with the commercial margarine at the ratio 95:5. The optimum process condition for production of margarine at 50 kg/bacth with the best texture was obtained at cooler temperature 5±2 °C or 12±2 °C for 30 minutes. The application of margarine in roll cake was indicated that margarine obtained from this research given expansion higher (0.2 cm) compared to the commercial margarine. The results of organoleptic test of roll cake using margarine obtained from this study were provided the level of preference for the taste, texture and appearance were not significantly different compared to the commercial margarine. Thus, margarine made from RBDPO and RPO in this study had adequate quality and comparable to commercial products.ABSTRAKPengembangan produk bakery memberikan dampak positif terhadap peningkatan konsumsi margarin. Selain itu, variasi formula margarin semakin diperlukan untuk pengembangan produk bakery yang beragam, dengan demikian produksi margarin cukup menjanjikan untuk dikembangkan pada skala industri kecil dan menengah (IKM). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat margarin dengan menggunakan minyak sawit (refined bleached deodorized palm oil, RBDPO) dan minyak sawit merah (red palm oil, RPO) serta aplikasinya dalam pembuatan bolu gulung. RPO digunakan sebagai pewarna alami dan pro-vitamin A, sehingga tidak perlu lagi menambahkan pewarna dan vitamin pada margarin. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan 3 tahapan meliputi: 1) formulasi margarin dengan mencampurkan antara RBDPO dan RPO pada rasio 97,5:2,5 – 85:15 melalui pendekatan sifat fisika kimia margarin komersial meliputi komposisi asam lemak, bilangan iod, titik leleh dan kandungan lemak padat, 2) optimasi produksi margarin menggunakan formula terbaik dari kegiatan 1 pada reaktor texturing skala 50 kg/batch dengan memvariasikan suhu media pendingin (5±2, 12±2, 20±2 °C) dan waktu proses (0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 menit). Produk dianalisis kadar air, warna, bentuk, tekstur dan stabilitasnya selama penyimpanan, dan 3) aplikasi margarin dalam pembuatan bolu gulung dan uji organoleptiknya. Hasil pengembangan formulasi margarin menggunakan RBDPO dan RPO diperoleh formula yang setara dengan margarin pembanding pada rasio 95:5. Kondisi optimum proses skala 50 kg/batch yang menghasilkan margarin dengan tekstur dan stabilitas terbaik diperoleh pada suhu pendingin 5±2 °C atau 12±2 °C selama 30 menit. Aplikasinya pada bolu gulung menunjukkan bahwa margarin ini relatif baik dengan pengembangan bolu lebih tinggi 0,2 cm dibandingkan margarin pembanding. Hasil uji organoleptik bolu gulung menggunakan margarin ini memberikan tingkat kesukaan terhadap rasa, tekstur dan kenampakan tidak berbeda nyata dengan margarin pembanding. Dengan demikian, margarin yang dibuat dari RBDPO dan RPO pada penelitian ini memiliki kualitas memadai dan setara dengan produk komersial
Reduksi Pemborosan untuk Perbaikan Value Stream Produksi “Mi Lethek” Menggunakan Pendekatan Lean Manufacturing
Get PDF"Mi Lethek" industry is an industry that produce dry noodles. In the production process of "Mi Lethek" industry, there were some waste that could inflict a financial loss for industry. Waste that occur in "Mi Lethek" industry were unnecessary = inventory and excessive transportation. To reduce that waste, lean manufacturing approach is required. Lean approach functionalized as a system for identified all of activities in "Mi Lethek" industry. That activities were classified into two kind activities, namely value added activity and non value added activity. The time of each activity used to calculate the process cycle efficiency (PCE). Based on the research, the existing score of PCE in "Mi Lethek" industry was 12,05%. The recommendations for increase PCE are relayouting the plant and change the order scheduling of raw materials. These recommendations could increase PCE score to 15,68 %.ABSTRAKIndustri “Mi Lethek” merupakan industri yang menghasilkan produk berupa mi kering berbahan baku tepung tapioka. Pada proses pengolahan mi di industri “Mi Lethek”, terdapat berbagai pemborosan (waste) yang dapat merugikan industri. Diantara pemborosan yang terjadi berupa persediaan bahan baku yang belum diperlukan dan transportasi berlebih. Untuk mereduksi pemborosan tersebut diperlukan suatu perbaikan pada value stream menggunakan pendekatan lean. Pendekatan lean difungsikan sebagai sebuah sistem yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi seluruh aktivitas yang ada pada industri “Mi Lethek”. Aktivitas-aktivitas tersebut kemudian digolongkan menjadi dua jenis aktivitas, yaitu aktivitas yang memberikan nilai tambah dan aktivitas yang tidak memberikan nilai tambah. Waktu dari masing-masing aktivitas tersebut yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk menghitung nilai process cycle effieciensy (PCE). PCE adalah efisiensi relatif dalam sebuah proses yang mer=wakili presentase waktu yang digunakan untuk menambah nilai pada produk dibandingkan total waktu yang digunakan produk selama dalam proses. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan, didapatkan nilai PCE awal dari industri "Mie Lethek" sebesar 12,05%. Perbaikan yang dilakukan ialah dengan mengubah tata letak pabrik dan melakukan perbaikan penjadwalan pemesanan bahan baku. Hasil perbaikan tersebut berhasil meningkatkan nilai PCE menjadi 15,08%
Penentuan Difusivitas Panas Pempek Lenjer Selama Perebusan Menggunakan Metode Numeri
Get PDFThe knowledge of thermal diffusivity coefficient is important in order to determine the proper or optimum time for pempek lenjer processing. Formula and temperature will affect thermal diffusivity. The research objective was to numerically determine thermal diffusivity coefficient of pempek lenjer during boiling. The measured variables were sample temperature measured at pempek center point (r0) = 0 cm, r1= 1 cm, r= 2 c, and time for boiling pempek. Data was analyzed by using 9 and 12 models through computer program of Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Ver 8.91. The results showed that thermal diffusivity coefficient of pempek lenjer for formula 1, 2, 3, and 4 were between 0.321 and 1.515 .10 -7 m2/s, between 0.297 and 1.389.10-7 m2/s, between 0.378 and 1.471. 10-7 m/s and between 0.2778 and 1.620. 10-7 m2/s respectively .ABSTRAKKoefisien difusivitas panas pada perebusan pempek lenjer harus diketahui, karena dapat ditentukan waktu pengolahan pempek yang tepat (optimal). Formula dan suhu akan mempengaruhi koefisien difusivitas panas.Tujuan penelitian adalah menentukan koefisien difusivitas panas pada perebusan pempek lenjer secara numerik. Variabel yang diukur adalah suhu sampel pada titik pusat (r0) = 0 cm, r1= 1 cm, r2= 2 cm, dan lama pemasakan pempek. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan model difusivitas panas di titik sembarang dan model difusivitas panas di titik pusat, dengan program computer Engineering Equation Solver (EES) Ver 8.91.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koefisien difusivitas panas pempek lenjer pada formula 1 adalah interval 0,321 - 1,515. 10-7 m/s, pada formula 2 adalah 0,297 - 1,389. 10-7 m2/s, pada formula 3 adalah 0,378 - 1,471. 10-7 m/s, dan formula 4 adalah 0,2778 - 1,620. 10-7 m2/s
Pengaruh Blanching terhadap Sifat Antioksidasi Sirup Kunir Putih (Curcuma mangga Val.)
No full textThe research on the effect of blancing on antioxidant properties of white saffron syrup (Curcuma mangga Val) was conducted. The general purpose of this research is to have a white saffron syrup with a high antioxidant activity. The specific objectives were to know the effect of temperature and blanching time on the linoleic acid oxidation. White saffron tubers of mangga sp. were washed, peeled, and blanched at (i) 80oC, (ii) 100oC for (i) 5 and (ii) 10 minutes in the media of (i) 0.05% citric acid solution (ii) 0.8% ascorbic acid solution and (iii) distilled water. Blanched white saffron then was grated, manually pressed with filter cloth to get white saffron juice. The juice was added with sugar (ratio 100:130) and other ingredients i.e: 0.1% CMC, 0.128% citric acid, 0.031% benzoic acid, then boiled for 20 minutes to get the syrup. The antioxidant activity of the syrup was tested according to FTC and TBA methods. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of white saffron syrup blanched at 80oC for 5 minutes was higher than its activity at 100oC and for 10 minutes, respectively. Blanching in citric acid medium at 80oC for 5 minutes resulted a highest antioxidant activity of the white saffron syru
Aplication of Value Engineering in Bamboo Chair Product Design Development for Foreign Market
No full textIn this research. bamboo chair design development was based on Value Engineering approach, which consisted of three stage, information stage as consumer needs identification stage. creativity stage as concept building stage and analyzed stage as concept judgment stage. The development aspects in this research were related to aesthetic aspects _function especially shape and color of chair. The alternatives were developed based on variety of shape and bamboo. The strengths and the weaknesses of each alternative were analyzed in relation with other aspects before they were used in concept building. There were 14 product concepts as concept building stage output. The best concept is the concept with highest value. Value was defined as function per cost. In this research, function was product performance that was appreciated by consumer while cost was variable production cost, fared cost was not included because it was assumed equal for each concept. Based on that equation, the best product concept was the bamboo chair in peg appendix, square seat square back of chair in incline position, straight-arm of chair and not connected with front leg of chair, and the material is opus bamboo. The value of this alternative was 3.89.10, while market product was 2,90.10- 3, it means there was an improvement
Produksi Bioetanol dari Hidrolisat Asam Tepung Ubi Kayu dengan Kultur Campuran Trichoderma viride dan Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Get PDFThe objective of this research was to produce bioethanol from acid hydrolysate cassava flour with mix cultured Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The hydrolysis of cassava flour to glucose was conducted by 0.4 M sulfuric acid using autoclave at 121°C, pressure at 1 atm for 10 min. The fermentation were performed in batch system for 96 hours in 30°C. Mixed culture of T. viride and S. cerevisiae in the fermentation process of acid hydrolysate carried out in two methode that is gradually and simultaneously. The results showed the acid hydrolyzate of cassava flour has a total sugar concentration of 38.93 ± 8.09% (w/v) and reducing sugar concentration of 22.04 ± 4.31% (w/v) . In the bioethanol production process shows that the bioethanol concentration 6.77 ± 1.23% (v/v), yield 27,97% (v/w) and fermentation effciency 59,01% of the theoretical value was achieved using gradually addition of mixed culture, while simultaneously addition of mixed culture was produced ethanol concentration 4.96 ± 0.39%(v/v), yield 19.85% (v/w) and fermentation effciency 62.72% of the theoretical value.ABSTRAKTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memproduksi bioetanol dari hidrolisat asam tepung ubi kayu dengan menggunakan kultur campuran Trichoderma viride and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Hidrolisis tepung ubi kayu untuk menghasilkan glukosa dilakukan dengan menggunakan H2SO4 0.4M, pada suhu 121°C, tekanan 1 atm selama 10 menit. Proses fermentasi dilaksanakan secara batch selama 96 jam pada suhu 30°C. Pencampuran kultur T. viride dan S. cerevisiae pada proses fermentasi hidrolisat asam dilakukan dalam dua metode yaitu secara bertahap dan secara simultan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hidrolisat asam tepung ubi kayu mempunyai konsentrasi total gula 38,93 ± 8,09% (b/v) dan konsentrasi gula reduksi 22,04 ± 4,31% (b/v). Pada proses produksi bioetanol menunjukan bahwa dengan pencampuran kultur secara bertahap menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol 6,77 ± 1,23% (v/v), rendemen 27,97% (v/w) dan efisiensi fermentasi 59,01% dari perolehan bioetanol secara teoritis, sedangkan dengan pencampuran kultur secara simultan menghasilkan konsentrasi bioetanol 4,96 ± 0,39%(v/v), rendemen 19,85% (v/w) dan efisiensi fermentasi 62,72% dari perolehan bioetanol secara teoritis
The Effect of Addition of Lactobacillus plantarum S4512 on The Microbiological and Chemical Characteristics during Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Fermentation
No full textThe aim of this study was to investigate the population of selected bacteria and some chemical characteristics during sorghum fermentation with the addition of Lactobacillus plantarum S4512. Proteolytic L. plantarum S4512 isolated from natural sorghum fermentation was added into sorghum fermentation. Sorghum flour was mixed with sterile water (1:2 w/v) and then was inoculated with 1% v/v (about 109 CFU/ml) culture of L. plantarum S4512. Fermentation was carried out at 37°C for 24 hours. As a control, natural sorghum fermentation without addition of a starter culture was carried out at 30°C for 24 hours. During fermentation time, the amount of bacteria, acid producing bacteria, coliform and proteolytic bacteria were monitored. The titratable acidity, pH, soluble protein, and proteolytic activity were also measured. Addition of L. plantarum S4512 increased significantly the initial population of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and proteolytic bacteria to 107 CFU/ml and suppressed the growth of coliforms indicated by siginificantly decline of coliforms population after 6 h fermentation. The production of acid was doubled of that in the natural fermentation resulted in the lower pH to 3.14. Both natural sorghum fermentation and that with addition of proteolytic L. plantarum S4512 showed some proteolytic activities during fermentation
Pemodelan pada Proses Pengeringan Mekanis Tepung Kasava dengan Menggunakan Pneumatic Dryer: Hubungan Fineness Modulus dengan Variabel Proses Pengeringan
Get PDFOne of the drying methods, which are applied in the industry of flour production, is that pneumatic drying. A wide variety of the variables that are from both of the characteristics of the dried material and drying process condition greatly affect the quality of drying result. Fineness Modulus (FM) and average diameter of flour are important variables in determining the quality of the flour. The objectives of this research was to formulatea mathematical relationship between various pneumatic drying process variables with the fineness modulus of the materials of cassava flour by applying dimensional analysis. In order to realize this goal, pneumatic drying equipment has been designed and tested with a wide variety of treatments such as the input capacity, drying air velocity, particle’s flour diameter, and temperature of air dryer as well.ABSTRAKMetode pengeringan yang diterapkan dalam industri pembuatan tepung salah satunya adalah pneumatic drying. Berbagai macam variabel baik dari sifat-sifat bahan yang dikeringkan maupun kondisi proses pengeringan sangat mempengaruhi kualitas hasil pengeringan. Fineness Modulus (FM) dan diameter tepung rata-rata merupakan variabel-variabel yang penting dalam penentuan kualitas dari tepung. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari hubungan matematis antara FM dengan variabel-variabel kondisi proses pengeringan pneumatik. Untuk dapat mewujudkan tujuan tersebut telah dirancang peralatan pneumatic drying dan dilakukan pengujian dengan berbagai macam variasi perlakuan seperti kapasitas input, kecepatan udara pengering, diameter partikel tepung, dan temperatur udara pengering
Komposisi Proksimat dan Kandungan Bakteri Asam Laktat Oyek Terbaik dari Perlakuan Penambahan Kacang Tunggak (Vigna unguiculata) Berdasarkan Tingkat Kesukaannya
Get PDFOyek or dried growol was traditional food from Kulonprogo Yogyakarta that was made of cassava through spontaneous fermentation by soaking in water. After that, the cassava was formed, steamed, and dried. Oyek could be utilized as main food for substituting rice, but the protein of oyek was lower than rice. This research was conducted to determine the best treatment of oyek based on the preference of the oyek that were made of variation of germinated and ungerminated cowpeas flour addition (oyek treatment). This research was also to determine the proximate composition especially the increase of protein and lactic acid bacteria of the best treatment of oyek compared with oyek without cowpeas addition (control). The result of this research showed that the 30% flour of cowpeas sprout as source of protein could be added in the best oyek without altering its overall preference. The result of this research showed the chemical composition of the best oyek compared to oyek control were significant different, esspecially protein. The protein of the best oyek increased 4.9 times compared to control. The lactic acid bacteria decreased for processing growol to oyek. The lactic acid bacteria of the best oyek was higher than control, that were 3.10 x 10 1(CFU/g sampel) respectively.ABSTRAKOyek atau growol yang dikeringkan adalah makanan tradisional dari Kulonprogo Yogyakarta yang dibuat dari ubi kayu/ singkong melalui tahap fermentasi secara spontan dengan cara perendaman dalam air, selanjutnya dicetak, dikukus menjadi growol dan dikeringkan. Oyek dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai pangan pokok alternatif pengganti beras, namun kadar proteinnya lebih rendah daripada beras. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan oyek perlakuan terbaik yang dibuat dengan variasi penambahan tepung kacang tunggak yang dikecambahkan dan tidak dikecambahkan berdasarkan tingkat kesukaannya. Selain itu, penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menentukan komposisi kimia proksimat khususnya peningkatan kadar protein dan kandungan bakteri asam laktat (BAL) oyek terbaik dengan penambahan kacang tunggak dibandingkan oyek tanpa penambahan kacang tunggak (kontrol). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa oyek terbaik yang diterima panelis dan tingkat kesukaannya tidak berbeda nyata dengan kontrol yaitu oyek dengan penambahan tepung kacang tunggak yang dikecambahkan sebesar 30%. Kadar protein oyek tersebut meningkat 4,9 kali terhadap kontrol. Kandungan bakteri asam laktat menurun selama pengolahan growol menjadi oyek. Kandungan bakteri asamlaktat oyek tersebut lebih tinggi daripada kontrol yaitu berturut-turut 3,10 x 103 dan 4,0 x 101 (CFU/g sampel)