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Comparison of Sonication with Maceration on Antioxidant Potency of Anthocyanin and Karotenoid of Tamarillo (Solanum betaceaum Cav.)
Get PDFTamarillo is an underutilized fruit in Indonesia, despite the fact that it contains two pigments (anthocyanin and carotenoid) with different properties (polar and non polar). Besides, there is a scarce information about extraction of anthocyanin and carotenoid of Tamarillo using sonication extraction. This study was aimed to investigate the comparison of extraction methods of sonication with maceration on antioxidant potency of anthocyanin and carotenoid of Tamarillo. Two pigmen types (anthocyanin and carotenoid) were extracted using two different methods (sonication and maceration). The parameters of analysis were yield, antioxidant activity (DPPH) with IC50, Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), anthocyanin total, carotenoid total, phenolic total and scanning electron microscope of cover cell of material. The antioxidant potencies for both anthocyanin and carotenoid by sonication method were higher than those of obtained by maceration method. The results showed that both sonication and maceration were suitable for extraction of anthocyanin and carotenoid from Tamarillo
Pengendalian Temperatur dan Kelembaban dalam Kumbung Jamur Tiram (Pleurotus sp) Secara Otomatis Berbasis Mikrokontroler
Get PDFOyster mushroom can grow properly at temperatures of 16–30 °C and relative humidity of 80–95%. Environment conditioning by spraying of water in mushroom house manually in the morning and evening as the temperature and humidity controling is less effective and highly bothersome. Using of technology can controlling temperature and humidity in a mushroom house automatically. This research aims to design an automatic control system to control temperature and humidity in oyster mushroom house. Research is located at an altitude of 125 meters above sea level. Automatic control system with a setting point temperature of 25 – 30 °C and humidity of 80 – 95% was tested at mushroom house with dimensions of 4 × 2 × 2 m with a capacity of 600 baglog mushrooms. The results show that the performance of daily temperature and humidity without control is respectively 24.10 to 35.19 °C and 64.28 to 99.90%. While the temperature and humidity with the control system are 25.10 to 30.09 °C and 80.84 to 99.90%, respectively
Physicochemical Characteristics of Sun-dried and Roasted Cassava Rice
Get PDFHigh demand of rice can be minimized by promoting cassava as an alternative carbohydrate source. One method to process cassava to ease consumption and to prolong its shelf-life is by making it into analog rice, namely cassava rice. Two drying methods were studied to obtain the physicochemical information of cassava rice. This research aimed at determining color and chemical properties, i.e. water content, ash, lipid, protein, carbohydrate, starch, amylose, amylopectin, and mineral contents of cassava rice processed by roasting and sun-drying. It also compared physicochemical characteristics of cassava rice and paddy rice to get better understanding of nutritional values of cassava rice. Results showed that physical, chemical, and mineral contents of cassava rice were different from paddy rice. Cassava rice had lower water, protein, Zn and P2O5 contents than paddy rice. Roasted cassava rice was darker than cassava rice. Sun-dried and roasted cassava rice showed no different values in terms of lipid, carbohydrate, starch, amylose, amylopectin, Mg, Zn and P2O5 contents, while other characteristics were similar
Analisis Kesiapan Modernisasi Daerah Irigasi Kedung Putri Pada Tingkat Sekunder Menggunakan Metode K-Medoids Clustering
Get PDFPreparation for the modernization of the Kedung Putri Irrigation System (DI Kedung Putri) required a comprehensive assessment of the irrigation pillars, one of which was at the secondary level. To facilitate the assessment and development plan, a clustering was carried out using the k-medoids method, that used a representative data (called medoid) as the cluster center. Then, the decision making was conducted by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. Performance assessment of 21 secondary channels was stated as the readiness index of irrigation modernization (IKMI). The assessment result showed that 9,52% included in good criteria, 71,43% included in fair criteria, and 19,05% included in poor criteria. Based on these results that DI Kedung Putri was not ready yet to be modernized. For this reason, it was necessary to conduct the system improvement in groups, namely by grouping based on similarities (clustering). The used method was k-medoids clustering using Rapid Miner 9.0 software. The clustering result showed that the optimal cluster number were 4 clusters, with the Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) value -1,959. The members of the 0, 1, 2 and 3 cluster were 6, 6, 8 and 1 secondary channels, respectively. Furthermore, the priority scale in clusters development was needed based on the performance of irrigation pillars on secondary channels. The results of AHP analysis showed that the order of priority development starts from cluster 0, followed by cluster 2, 1, and 3. The recommendations for the development of secondary channels incorporated in cluster, such as increasing water supply, routine infrastructure maintenance, technical assistance, and public campaigns in irrigation management. The secondary channel incorporated in cluster 3 had good performance on all pillars, so it only needed to maintain the existing operation and maintenance patterns.Preparation for the modernization of the Kedung Putri Irrigation System (DI Kedung Putri) required a comprehensive assessment of the irrigation pillars, one of which was at the secondary level. To facilitate the assessment and development plan, a clustering was carried out using the k-medoids method, that used a representative data (called medoid) as the cluster center. Then, decision making was conducted by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. The performance assessment of 21 secondary channels was stated as the readiness index of irrigation modernization (IKMI). The assessment result showed that 9.52% belonged to good criteria, 71.43% belonged to fair criteria, and 19.05% belonged to poor criteria. Based on these results that DI Kedung Putri was considered not ready yet to be modernized. For this reason, it was necessary to conduct the system improvement in groups, namely by grouping based on similarities (clustering). The used method was k-medoids clustering using Rapid Miner 9.0 software. The clustering result showed that the optimal cluster number was 4clusters, with the Davies Bouldin Index (DBI) value -1.959. The members of the 0, 1, 2 and 3 clusters were 6, 6, 8 and 1 secondary channels, respectively. Furthermore, a priority scale in clusters development was needed based on the performance of irrigation pillars on secondary channels. The results of AHP analysis showed that the order of priority development starts from cluster 0, followed by cluster 2, 1 and 3. The recommendations for the development of secondary channels incorporated in cluster 0, such as increasing water supply, routine infrastructure maintenance, technical assistance, and public campaigns in irrigation management. The secondary channels incorporated in cluster 3 had good performance on all pillars, so it only needed to maintain the existingoperation and maintenance patterns
Optimasi Gasifikasi Serbuk Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit Menggunakan Powder Gasifier Type Cyclone
Get PDFEvery year, palm-oil production is increasing. Each ton of fresh fruit bunches produced to 22%–23% of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Based on the laboratory test, OPEFB contains 69,72% volatile and 3353,97 kcal/kg of calor. Aim of the research is to determine size material OPEFB in gasification process, determine combination AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) in gasifier tipe cyclone so that produce optimal energy and to prediction gasification process with CFD method (Computational Fluid Dynamic). The powder gasifier cyclone type method is used to convert this into renewable energy. The research method consists of OPEFB powder material with 14, 30 and 50 mesh treatment, 4 air-fuel ratio, and material mass rate treatments, and variations of the length of middle-pipe treatment. The weight of each sample is 500 g, added with 100 g of charcoal and repeated 3 times. The result shows the mesh A3 has the highest temperature at 348.23 °C, 1008,68 kcal/kg of heat value, 30.07% of efficiency, 97.81 kg/kg of AFR value, but has the lowest engine working capacity (EWC) with 14.65 kg/hours. Based on sensor test, A3 treatment, the voltage of monoxide sensor output is 1.45 mV; 1.81 mV of hydrogen; and methane at 0.66 mV. In the combination of air speed and screw rotational treatment, AFR values were generated by treatment B4 with EWC value of 20 kg/hour and AFR of 97.1 kg/kg. The highest gasmonoxide sensor results in treatment B4 is 1.58 mV; hydrogen 1.98 mV. Based on the length of the enter pipe in the reactor, treatment C1 produces an optimal value of the EWC value at 16.6 kg/hour, the heat energy value is 997 kcal/kg, the efficiency value is 29.73% and the AFR value is 82,87 kg/kg. In treatment C1 the gas monoxide sensor voltage is 1.6 mV; and methane is 1.46 mV. The CFD simulation shows that the distribution of temperature, fluid velocity and pressure in the middle iteration have a significant increase. This can be influenced by the dimensions of powder gasifier cyclone type with CFD simulation.Every year, palm-oil production is increasing. Each ton of fresh fruit bunches produced up to 22%–23% of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB). Based on the laboratory test, OPEFB contains 69.72% volatiles and 3353.97 kcal/kg of calor. The aim of this research was to determine the size material of OPEFB in gasification process, to determine the combination of AFR (Air Fuel Ratio) in the cyclone type gasifier so that optimal energy is produced, and to predict the gasification process using a CFD method (Computational Fluid Dynamic). The powder cyclone type gasifier method was used to convert this into renewable energy. The research method consisted of using OPEFB powder material with 14, 30 and 50 mesh treatment, 4 air-fuel ratio, and material mass rate treatments, and variations of the middle-pipe length treatment. The weight of each sample is 500 g, added with 100 g of charcoal and repeated 3 times. The results showed that the A3 mesh had the highest temperature at 348.23 °C, 1008.68 kcal/kg of heat value, 30.07% of efficiency, 97.81 kg/kg of AFR value, but had the lowest engine working capacity (EWC) with 14.65 kg/hour. Based on the sensor test, A3 treatment’s voltage of monoxide sensor output was 1.45 mV; 1.81 mV of hydrogen; and methane at 0.66 mV. In the combination of air speed and screw rotational treatment, AFR values were generated by B4 treatment with an EWC value of 20 kg/hour and AFR of 97.1 kg/kg. The highest gas monoxide sensor results in B4 treatment was 1.58 mV; hydrogen 1.98 mV. Based on the length of the entrance pipe in the reactor, C1 treatment produced an optimal value of the EWC value at 16.6 kg/hour, the heat energy value was 997 kcal/kg, the efficiency value was 29.73% and the AFR value was 82,87 kg/kg. In C1 treatment, the monoxide gas sensor voltage was 1.6 mV; and methane was 1.46 mV. The CFD simulation showed that the temperature distribution, fluid velocity and pressure in the middle iteration had a significant increase. This can be influenced by the dimensions of cyclone type powder gasifier with a CFD simulation
Kinetika Perubahan Kualitas Fisik Buah Mangga Selama Pengeringan Beku dengan Perlakuan Pendinginan Awal dan Ketebalan Irisan
Get PDFMango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the important fruits for tropical residents. The biggest losses of mangoes occur during the postharvest period due to the lack of proper postharvest handling and lack of processing efforts. Frozen drying is a method that is considered the best at present for preserving horticultural products. This freeze drying method can maintain the structure, taste, color, and aroma of fruit. In this method, the product was cooled to freeze for 6 hours. The solid phase water was then removed from the material through a sublimation process in vacuum condition. This study aimed to find out the freeze drying results through various pre-treatments and thicknesses by means of determining the proper combination treatment. The mango used had a sweetness level of 18° Brix with a size of 14 cm x 8 cm and an average weight of 400 g. This research was conducted using a three-factor completely randomized design of 2 x 3 x 5. The first factor was the cooling treatment (non-freezing and liquid nitrogen). The second factor was the thickness of the material (0.5 cm, 1 cm and 1.5 cm). The third factor was time (0 hours, 9 hours, 18 hours, 27 hours and 36 hours). The observed parameters comprised of: water content, texture, and lightness. The non-freezing treatment with 1.5 cm thickness showed a low water content of 7.58%, and the kinetics results used the Newtonian model. It also showed the highest vitamin C decrease, that was 84.12% and the kinetics results used the first-order model. The highest lightness decrease of liquid nitrogen treatment with 1 cm thickness was 74.08%
Identifikasi Logam Berat dalam Biji Jagung Manis dan Kedelai pada Transisi Sistem Pertanian Organik
No full textHeavy metal contaminants in land agriculture are environmental problems, and they affect food safety, so there is a need for the research of Pb, Cd and Cu decrease absorption by plants using organic chelating agent, i.e. substance of humus (humic and fulvic acid) in the manure. The research was done with a completely block design, in Gagaksipat, Ngemplak, Boyolali; heavy metal analysis in manure, land and seeds used an atomic absorption spectrophotometer-flame (AAS Jena Contr AA 300, Germany). It was aimed to identify contaminants of Pb, Cd, and Cu in sweet corn and soybean seeds. The research treatments were doses of cow manure: 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 kg per hectare. The results showed that the enrichment coefficient (EC) of Pb and Cu in sweet corn seeds had low accumulator plants categories; the EC of plumbum in soybean seeds had low accumulator plants categories, whereas the EC of copper soybean seeds had moderate accumulator plants categories; and the EC of cadmium in the sweet corn and soybeans seeds was undetectable. Exposures of Pb and Cd in corn sweet and soybean seeds were undetectable, while exposures of Cu in sweet corn and soybean seeds were 2.03 and 12.39 ppm, respectively. Contamination of Pb, Cd and Cu exposures in land after sweet corn harvested were 30.99; undetectable and 60.58 ppm, respectively. While Pb, Cd and Cu residues in land after soybean harvested were 33.24; undetectable and 56.26 ppm, respectively
Effect of organic fertilizers on nutrients content and essential oil composition of savory (Satureja hortensis L.)
Get PDFApplication of organic fertilizers in the production of plants is aimed to eliminate or substantially reduce the use of chemical inputs and improve the growth and quality of plants. For instance, in present study, the effect of vermicompost and spent mushroom compost application on nutritional status and essential oil components of summer Savory (Saturejahortensis L.) was investigated. This experiment was conducted in the research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture at Mohaghegh Ardabili University using a layout of completely randomized design with five replications on Savory in 2014. Experimental treatments included different substrates that contained vermicompost, washed and unwashed spent mushroom compost in five levels (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 Percent v/v). After flowering, the plants were harvested and parameters such as leaf area, leaf and plant dry weight, chlorophyll index of leaf and N, P, K, and Ca content and essential oil component of plants were measured. The results showed that the effect of organic substrates on macronutrient content and savory’s growth parameters was significant. The highest Nitrogen content (6.3%) and Phosphorus (0.98%) in savory shoot was obtained in a substrate supplemented with 40% vermicompost. Plants grown in the media containing 30% of vermicompost and 50% of washed spent mushroom compost (SMC) have higher potassium (3.19%) and calcium (2.48%) content, respectively. The lowest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium content in the aerial part was obtained in the control treatment. Moreover, application of organic fertilizers significantly affected on savory’s essential oil percentage and compounds composition. The highest and lowest essential oil contents were obtained in plants in substrates containing 30 % of vermicompost and unwashed spent mushroom compost respectively. The main components of essential oil were carvacrol and gamma-trepenine. The highest level of carvacrol (62.10) and gamma-trepenine (32.05) were obtained in plants in substrates containing 40 and 20% of washed spent mushroom respectively
Effects of Different Weather Conditions and Addition of Mangosteen Peel Powder on Chemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Coconut Sap
Get PDFCoconut sap is sweet, oyster-white and translucent liquid which can be obtained by tapping coconut flowers for 8 ̶ 12 hours. Since it contains sugar with nearly neutral pH, coconut sap is highly susceptible to spontaneous fermentation. In order to maintain the quality of the sap during the tapping process, coconut farmers usually add preservative substances. The preservatives can be produced either naturally, such as mixtures of lime, mangosteen peel and sliced jackfruit wood, or synthetic one, such as sodium metabisulphite. The chemical properties of coconut sap might be affected by weather conditions during the tapping process. This research aimed to determine the effect of weather conditions during tapping process and variations of mangosteen peel powder concentration on the chemical properties and antioxidant activity of the coconut sap. The results showed that the optimum preservative concentration of mangosteen peel powder was 0.84 g/L of coconut sap which was tapped in sunny weather condition. This treatment yielded sap with chemical properties i.e. pH value of 6.7; total soluble solids of 16.2 °brix; water content of 85.62%; reducing sugar of 0.04 g/100 g; sucrose content of 13.64 g/100 g; total free amino acids of 0.1738 g/100 g; total phenolic of 323.23 mgGAE/100 g; and vitamin C of 26.06 mg/100 g. The antioxidant activity of this treatment was 34.39 % RSA evaluated by DPPH method, this value, was relatively similar to that of the addition of 0.28 and 0.56 g/L mangosteen peel powder. The coconut sugar produced had reducing sugar of 5.01 g/100 g; total sugar of 86.50 g/100 g; total phenolic content of 470 mgGAE/100 g; browning index of 16254 IU (ICUMSA); and antioxidant activity of 61.05% RSA
Penggunaan Biomassa Limbah Pertanian sebagai Bahan Bakar pada Mini Boiler Tipe Pipa Api 3 Pass
No full textThe use of mini boilers in SMEs is one strategy to improve the efficiency of energy use. This is based on the results of previous work. The use of 3-phase fire tube mini boiler type in tofu SMEs with gas fuel or wood pellets can increase the efficiency of fuel energy use for cooking to about 14.03%–25.58%, save time to about 50%–53%, and save fuel costs for cooking by 44%–45%, compared to cooking tofu using a gas stove. This study was conducted to analyze the performance of 3-phase fire tube mini boiler type with wood pellets or coconut shells as fuel. The testing of mini boilers was conducted related to the capacity/ quantity and quality of steam produced, the energy efficiency of the mini boiler, and the specific costs of steam production (IDR fuel / kJ steam produced) in each type of fuel. The results showed that this mini boiler had a higher value of steam production capacity, steam temperature, steam pressure, and energy efficiency, and specific costs of steam production by using wood pellets as fuel. It also means that using coconut shells as fuel was cheaper, but it gave a lower performance