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El alcance jurídico para el Estado del principio aut dedere aut iudicare
No full textLa obligación internacional de extraditar o juzgar, también conocida
como el principio aut dedere aut iudicare, es una de las piezas angulares
de la lucha contra la impunidad de los responsables de crímenes inter nacionales o de delitos de trascendencia internacionacional
Síntesi de materials supramoleculars porosos sensibles a RNase H basat en unitats de construcció funcionalitzades amb ADN
No full textTreballs Finals de Grau de Química, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Any: 2025, Tutors: Montserrat Terrazas Martinez, Alessandro SorrentiIn the last decades, porous reticular materials with cavities capable of binding guest molecules, such as Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), have drawn significant interest for applications including storage, separation, sensing and catalysis. However, these crystalline materials often face limitations such as poor processability, hardness, and marked insolubility or instability in solution, which hamper their use for applications like drug delivery or homogeneous catalysis. To address these limitations, a promising strategy has recently emerged that leverages preassembled Metal-Organic Cages (MOCs) as building blocks for the formation of soft porous materials through hierarchical self-assembly. This strategy exploits additional non-covalent interactions between the MOCs, orthogonal to the metal-ligand coordination that forms the cages, to construct extended supramolecular structures with intrinsic porosity. An alternative approach for achieving soft materials with periodic intermolecular porosity involves the supramolecular polymerization of carefully designed molecular building blocks into 2D or 3D network structures, known as Supramolecular Organic Frameworks (SOFs). In both cases, the building units are held together by reversible interactions, imparting dynamic properties in solution and enabling the development of stimuli-responsive materials.
In DNA nanotechnology, the predictability and programmability of DNA interactions (i.e., DNA recognition and hybridization) have been widely used to design artificial DNA-based devices and self-assembled materials. The latter are formed through hierarchical self-assembly of building blocks functionalized with specific oligonucleotide sequences. Moreover, numerous systems capable of responding to input single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) or RNA (ssRNA) sequences have been developed. These systems are classified as dynamic DNA nanotechnology when operating under thermodynamic control, or as dissipative DNA nanotechnology when maintained out-of-equilibrium through an energy dissipation mechanism, such as continuous RNA enzymatic hydrolysis.
The goal of this TFG project is to synthesize novel DNA-tethered building blocks for the preparation of enzyme-responsive porous supramolecular materials. These include a novel MOC functionalized with four ssDNA moieties on its periphery and a new tetra-DNA-functionalized Zn-porphyrin. The MOC will be employed to construct MOC-based hierarchical materials, while the DNA-functionalized porphyrin will be used to assemble 2D SOFs. The formation of these materials will be driven by DNA·RNA hybridization in the presence of a suitable ditopic RNA linker. Notably, these materials can be disassembled in the presence of RNase H, an enzyme that hydrolyzes RNA in DNA·RNA heteroduplexes, enabling potential biomedical applications and the implementation of dissipative control in these systems.
To achieve this goal, we investigated the bioconjugation of DNA fragments (two different sequences) to a precursor azide-functionalized MOC using copper-free ´click´ chemistry, specifically the strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). We compared post- and pre-functionalization approaches for preparing DNA-tethered MOCs, analyzing the reaction outcome using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Notably, we identified a side reaction occurring, along with the ‘click’ reaction, when using the post-functionalization approach. In parallel, we synthesized a tetra-azide-functionalized Zn-porphyrin through a convergent multistep synthesis, exploring two alternative routes for the final steps. Lastly, we conducted preliminary bioconjugation studies of this porphyrin to ssDNA moieties using SPAAC
Responsible lending
No full textThe European Union incorporated the responsible lending programme into legislation in an attempt to tackle the high levels of indebtedness resulting from the expansion in access to credit and new credit products and lending practices. It did so first, and rather timidly, into Directive 2008/48/EC of 23 April 2008 on Consumer Credit,and then more forcefully into Directive 2014/17/EC of 28 February 2014 on Credit Agreements for Consumers Relating to Residential Immovable Property. The aim was to ensure that professional lenders took consumer needs and interests into account throughout the entire duration of the credit agreement, which entailed both the need to enable consumers to make maximum savings (e.g. via early repayment without
penalty) and to prevent borrowers from succumbing to the temptation to commit themselves to risky loan agreements
Movilizaciones sociales y potenciales teatrales: el caso del Teatre Arnau de Barcelona
No full text[spa] El fenómeno teatral abarca un amplio campo de interés gracias a su infinita diversidad de territorialidades. Desde la perspectiva de los estudios teóricos del teatro y la disciplina de la teatrología se ha estudiado el potencial de ese arte como fuerza transformadora en una multitud de aspectos, pongamos por caso, aspectos relacionados con el contenido de los textos dramáticos, la composición y disposición del público, el impacto que una puesta en escena puede generar, cuestiones arquitectónicas, una estética de la recepción y, en general, todo aquello relacionado con los procesos de producción y de recepción, al igual que con los estudios sobre las artes escénicas performativas. En efecto, el examen del teatro y de sus potencialidades supera la estructura ternaria de representantes, receptores y espacio escénico y se expande en un terreno donde las variables sociales, urbanísticas y económicas, entre otras, cocrean una inédita arquitectura de significados. En estas circunstancias, la aproximación teatrológica a los acontecimientos teatrales adquiere un carácter multifocal saliendo de las fronteras de la obra de arte.
En mi investigación examino los hechos acaecidos en las últimas dos décadas en torno a las movilizaciones para la rehabilitación y la reactivación del Teatre Arnau de la avenida del Paral·lel de Barcelona junto a su potencial transformador. Toda movilización que se genera a raíz de unas necesidades compartidas ya sean políticas, económicas, sociales, culturales e ideológicas, tiende a proponer unos cambios como mejoras en las condiciones existentes indicando paralelamente unas nuevas formas de trabajar, proceder y organizarse, que normalmente afectan a un conjunto de personas muy heterogéneo. A través de acciones públicas, como manifestaciones, celebraciones, convocatorias abiertas, conmemoraciones y otros actos, se trata de sensibilizar a la opinión pública, involucrar a más personas, hacer difusión de los objetivos planteados, y, como Charles Tilly subraya, llevar ante las autoridades unas reivindicaciones colectivas.2 Dado que por lo general en dichos casos no existe ninguna remuneración, la constancia y la continuidad de las acciones reivindicativas se basan en la militancia, en el compromiso y en otros factores semejantes. Según se relata en esta tesis, las movilizaciones sociales promovidas por colectivos de base se han generado con cierta continuidad en la avenida del Paral·lel barcelonés trazando así una centenaria tradición de reivindicación y de lucha.
En este contexto, se puede afirmar que son diversas las circunstancias sociales, tales como la efervescencia social en cuanto a la recuperación de un teatro, las que fomentan la aglomeración de proyectos con objetivos comunes y reivindicativos. De esa forma, se produce la condición de posibilidad para la emergencia de nuevos espacios comunes, de nuevos espacios arquitectónicos y sociales, y de nuevas entidades inspiradas en colectivos socioculturales, con potencial para atraer y aglomerar a las personas que conforman el público. Paralelamente, se generan nuevos inputs administrativos en el sector teatral y se fertiliza la creación de nuevas modalidades, propiciando la creación de nuevos modelos de equipamientos culturales. Del mismo modo, se detecta también que tanto la creación escénica como la dimensión arquitectónica se dejan influenciar por el pensamiento que envuelve esta clase de movilizaciones, de manera que se orienten hacia el campo de lo político, generando así nuevos inputs estéticos. De ahí que en esta investigación se quiera hallar un punto de partida a partir del cual el hecho artístico se convierte en una coyuntura política, situando ese punto en el momento en que la acción artística se vehicula a través de un determinado proceso reivindicativo.
Mediante el análisis de un amplio abanico de aspectos y tomando en consideración ciertos antecedentes destacados, trato de demostrar cómo dichas movilizaciones generan potencialidades teatrales transformadoras. Para conseguirlo, me centro detalladamente en la última etapa del centenario Teatre Arnau barcelonés a partir de su cierre en 2000 y la consideración del edificio como patrimonio arquitectónico y escénico, pero también examino otros ejemplos, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional, que han seguido procesos similares. Este campo de investigación se explora en sus aspectos ligados con el acto teatral como motor para la creación artística, y, sobre todo, como fundamento de nuevos espacios comunes que posibilita un diálogo entre el mundo de la gestión municipal, los creadores escénicos y una masa políticamente crítica.
Cabe resaltar como problema a la hora de abordar la cuestión que el análisis de la interacción entre los espacios políticos y teatrales en Barcelona durante las últimas décadas es un tema poco estudiado, y que en consecuencia, cuenta con una escasa bibliografía[eng] The theatrical phenomenon covers a wide field of interest thanks to its infinite diversity of territorialities. From the perspective of theoretical studies of theatre and the discipline of theatrology, the potential of this art as a transformative force has been studied in a multitude of aspects, for example, aspects related to the content of dramatic texts, the composition and disposition of the public, the impact that a staging can generate, architectural issues, the aesthetics of reception and, in general, everything related to the processes of production and reception, as well as with studies on performative performing arts. In effect, the examination of theatre and its potentialities goes beyond the ternary structure of representatives, receivers and stage space and expands into a terrain where social, urban and economic variables, among others, co- create an unprecedented architecture of meanings. In these circumstances, the theatrological approach to theatrical events takes on a multifocal character, going beyond the boundaries of the work of art.
In my research I examine the events that have taken place over the last two decades around the mobilisations for the rehabilitation and reactivation of the Arnau Theater on the Paral·lel Avenue in Barcelona, together with their transformative potential. Any mobilisation that is generated as a result of shared needs, whether political, economic, social, cultural or ideological, tends to propose changes as improvements in existing conditions, indicating at the same time new ways of working, proceeding and organising, which normally affect a very heterogeneous group of people. Through public actions, such as demonstrations, celebrations, open calls, commemorations and other events, the aim is to raise public awareness, involve more people, disseminate the objectives set out, and, as Charles Tilly emphasises, bring collective demands to the attention of the authorities.1 Given that in such cases there is generally no remuneration, the consistency and continuity of the protest actions are based on militancy, commitment and other similar factors. As reported in this thesis, social mobilisations promoted by grassroots groups have been generated with a certain continuity on Barcelona's Paral·lel Avenue, thus tracing a century-old tradition of protest and struggle.
In this context, it can be said that there are various social circumstances, such as the social effervescence regarding the recovery of a theatre, which encourage the agglomeration of projects with common and demanding objectives. To this extent, the condition of possibility for the emergence of new common spaces, new architectural and social spaces, and new entities inspired by sociocultural groups, with the potential to attract and agglomerate the people who make up the public, is produced. At the same time, new administrative inputs are generated in the theatre sector and the creation of new modalities is fertilised, favoring the creation of new models of cultural facilities. Similarly, it is also detected that both the scenic creation and the architectural dimension are influenced by the thinking that surrounds this kind of mobilisation, so that they are oriented towards the political field, thus generating new aesthetic inputs. Hence, in this research I want to find a starting point from which the artistic fact becomes a political situation, placing this point at the moment in which the artistic action is conveyed through a certain vindicative process.
By analysing a wide range of aspects and taking into account certain notable precedents, I demonstrate how these mobilisations generate transformative theatrical potentialities. To achieve this, I focus in detail on the last stage of the centenary Arnau Theater in Barcelona after its closure in 2000 and the consideration of the building as architectural and scenic heritage, but I also examine other examples, both nationally and internationally, that have followed similar processes. This field of research is explored in its aspects linked to the theatrical act as a motor for artistic creation, and, above all, as the foundation of new common spaces that enable a dialogue between the world of municipal management, scenic creators and a politically critical mass.
It should be noted as a problem when addressing the issue that the analysis of the interaction between political and theatrical spaces in Barcelona during the last decades is a little-studied topic, and consequently, has a scarce bibliography
School choice with farsighted students
No full textWe consider priority-based school choice problems with farsighted students. We show that a singleton set consisting of the matching obtained from the Top Trading Cycles (TTC) mechanism is a farsighted stable set. How- ever, the matching obtained from the Deferred Acceptance (DA) mechanism may not belong to any farsighted stable set. Hence, the TTC mechanism provides an assignment that is not only Pareto efficient but also farsightedly stable. Moreover, looking forward three steps ahead is already su cient for stabilizing the matching obtained from the TTC. In addition, we show that variations of TTC that improve in terms of no justi ed envy are farsightedly stable, but may require more farsightedness on behalf of students
Airline price responses in the face of demand shocks: European lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic
No full textWe exploit the exogenous demand shock in the aviation sector that resulted from the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic to investigate how airlines responded in terms of pricing strategies. By using monthly fare data for flights operated within the EU-27 member states over the period 2017-2022 and by quantifying the intensity of pandemic cycles through a stringency index, we estimate price regressions at the route-airline level. Our findings reveal that the demand drop has prompted lower fares and increased intertemporal price dispersion. Furthermore, we show that fare cuts are not explained by airlines operating fewer flights. By analyzing heterogeneous price responses to the demand shock as determined by various route and airline characteristics, we find a stronger reaction on international markets and greater resilience of low-cost airlines. We also show that the regulations in the form of public service obligations and state aid programs for airlines helped the beneficiaries but not travelers
El impacto de AI Overviews en los medios españoles
No full textEl estudio busca comprender cómo y cuándo se muestran los AI Overviews en las
búsquedas relacionadas con medios españoles
Toda la redondeza del mundo : ciencia y experiencia de la primera circunnavegación
No full textFernando de Magallanes partió rumbo a las islas Molucas en 1519 con el fin de comprobar la ubicación de las posesiones castellanas en Asia y abrir una ruta transpacífica para comerciar con las especias. Aquel viaje se gestó como una campaña científica que tenía como objeto reconocer y observar lugares poco conocidos o nunca visitados hasta entonces por los europeos. El periplo concluyó en 1522, ya bajo las órdenes de Juan Sebastián Elcano, y pasó a la historia como la primera vuelta al mundo. En el presente libro quince especialistas abordan diferentes aspectos de este viaje relativos a los saberes geográficos, la cartografía, el arte de navegar y los instrumentos náuticos. Asimismo, analizan cómo la historiografía fue reelaborando las noticias sobre los descubrimientos y sus protagonistas, al tiempo que ofrecen nuevos datos e interpretaciones acerca de la primera circunnavegación
Polar flagellin glycan heterogeneity of Aeromonas hydrophila strain ATCC 7966T
No full textMotile pathogens often rely upon flagellar motility as an essential virulence factor and in many species the structural flagellin protein is glycosylated. Flagellin glycosylation has been shown to be important for proper function of the flagellar filament in a number of bacterial species. Aeromonas hydrophila is a ubiquitous aquatic pathogen with a constitutively expressed polar flagellum. Using a suite of mass spectrometry techniques, the flagellin FlaA and FlaB structural proteins of A. hydrophila strain ATCC 7966T were shown to be glycosylated with significant microheterogeneity, macroheterogeneity, and metaheterogeneity. The primary linking sugar in this strain was a novel and previously unreported pseudaminic acid derivative with a mass of 422 Da. The pseudaminic acid derivative was followed in sequence by two hexoses, an N-acetylglucosamine (with additional variable secondary modification), and a deoxy N-acetylglucosamine derivative. These pentasaccharide glycans were observed modifying all eight modification sites. Hexasaccharides, which included an additional N-acetylhexosamine residue as the capping sugar, were observed exclusively modifying a pair of isobaric peptides from FlaA and FlaB. Interestingly, these isobaric peptides are immediately adjacent to a toll-like receptor 5 binding site in both protein sequences. Glycosylation status was also linked to motility, a critical bacterial virulence facto
Joint analysis of cross-cutting issues and final considerations
No full textThis chapter concludes the book with a cross-cutting analysis, briefly highlighting the weaknesses of the current global environmental protection systems and focusing on how the European Union (EU) has sought to strengthen the international impact of its regulatory power within the framework provided by the European Green Deal (EGD). The chapter evaluates the degree of ambition of the main EGD initiatives with external dimensions analysed throughout the book and also notes their limitations. It ends with some reflections on the need to promote a multilaterally agreed Global Green Deal