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Approaches to State Fragility and Climate Security
No full textThis rapid evidence review considers some illustrative examples of indices used to inform policymaking on fragile and conflict-affected states, namely the Bertelsmann Transformation Index, the Constellations of State Fragility, and the Fragile States Index. Metrics for determining a state’s fragility, and the underlying assumptions entailed, are compared to provide a snapshot of common approaches to defining and understanding the relationship between climate change, fragility, peace and security. It is notable that indicators of environmental change are not included as part of these metrics.</p
Illegal, Unregulated and Unreported Fishing, Aquaculture, and Poverty Dynamics
No full textAquaculture primary production is a globally significant sector involving 230 countries, with marine products one of the most traded commodities globally. While aquaculture is growing as an industry, capture fisheries’ contribution to the blue economy has remained fairly constant. There is a lack of reliable data on the true extent of illegal, unregulated and unreported (IUU) fishing, due to its illicit nature and the range of evasive strategies employed by IUU vessels. Despite limitations to monitoring, control and surveillance, strong evidence suggests that IUU fishing has significant impacts on coastal communities and small-scale artisanal fisheries, influencing multidimensional poverty and impacting revenues for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This is significant where limited resources to enforce regulations is a key factor influencing continued IUU activity; for example, in West Africa, IUU fishing is widespread, perpetrated largely by foreign industrial vessels, who act with impunity, attributed in part to limitations in the governance capacity of States to police their waters.</p
Lessons Learnt from Establishing Government Monitoring and Evaluation Systems
No full textThis rapid evidence review assesses models for establishing government-owned and government-wide monitoring and evaluation systems. The review highlights the key aspects of a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) system, including those factors that promote the sustainability of the system. Case studies are used as practical examples of successes and failures in the establishment of monitoring and evaluation systems. The country case studies from lower-middle income and developing countries show that there are lessons that promote success and sustainability in the way these countries have established monitoring systems.</p
Preparação para a informação e envolvimento da comunidade na resposta às alterações climáticas na região da África Oriental e Austral. Parte I: Módulos de perguntas qualitativas para os responsáveis pela resposta desenvolverem um plano de acção de emergência localizado
No full textEste recurso destina-se a ajudar os responsáveis pela resposta a determinar as prioridades e necessidades organizacionais para desenvolver uma estratégia de preparação e resposta localizada para os impactos multirriscos do El Niño e outros eventos climáticos relevantes (por exemplo, secas, inundações, ciclones). Os módulos de perguntas incluídos neste recurso devem ser analisados juntamente com o documento informativo da Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP), disponível aqui. </p
Supporting Mutual Aid in Sudan: Conflict-Sensitive Approaches to Risk and Accountability
No full textMutual aid has been a lifeline for many in Sudan’s conflict. This study explores how mechanisms of social solidarity have been shaped by the war as well as by their interaction with external funders. It adds to the evidence base on community-led response during protracted crises and on conflict sensitivity, and considers how international actors could strengthen the quality of their partnership with grass-roots bodies by reconsidering approaches to risk and accountability.</p
Humanitarian Evidence and Discourse Summary April 2025
No full textMonthly Humanitarian Evidence and Discourse Summaries aim to signpost FCDO and others to the latest relevant evidence and discourse on humanitarian action. It is structured around FCDO humanitarian framework themes:• Protect: Protect civilians, IDPs, refugees, marginalised groups including women and girls, and humanitarian access.• Prioritise: Prioritise effective humanitarian assistance to people in greatest need.• Prevent: Prevent and anticipate future shocks and rebuild resilience in protracted and recurring crises.Further detail on methodology and scope at the end. Click on the hyperlinks to bring you to the relevant literature. We hope this is a useful resource and you can read all the articles produced by brilliant authors and organisations(!), but each month we also invite a guest to identify their five 'star reads' from the wider list. This does not represent an organisational position or assessment of rigour, but rather a personal choice of published evidence, guidance or discourse that are of special interest or impact.</p
Investment in Refugee Education
No full textThis rapid evidence review collates available evidence on how investment in refugee education can deter migration, reduce the systemic drivers of violent conflict, build state and community resilience and enable greater (economic/social) stability. The review draws upon a diverse evidence base and should be considered illustrative rather than representative. The review found a dearth of rigorous evaluations or impact assessments, and therefore many of the findings relate to views about the instrumental value of education for refugees and the intrinsic value of education.</p
The Interpersonal Side of Tax Compliance: Interactions Between Taxpayers and Tax Officials in Rwanda
No full textThe literature on tax administration and compliance in developing countries has been blooming recently, primarily driven by the availability of administrative data and by the increased urgency of revenue mobilisation in the context of multiple global crises. Yet, one key aspect of tax administration has received little attention in this literature so far: its interpersonal nature. In the practical reality of taxpaying processes, the experience of taxpayers is largely shaped by their interactions with the people who implement tax rules and laws: tax officials. This paper starts filling this gap by investigating the impact of interactions between taxpayers and tax officials in Rwanda, focussing specifically on income taxpayers. We adopt a mixed methods approach to analysing taxpayer–official interactions, based on focus group discussions (FGD) with taxpayers, in-depth interviews with tax officials, and a taxpayer survey that includes a vignette experiment. The key theme emerging from FGDs and interviews is taxpayer knowledge and the related need for education: weak tax knowledge results in confusion and anxiety on the taxpayers’ side and more challenging interactions with tax officials. Tax knowledge (related to firm size) is a key source of heterogeneity in taxpayer experiences of interaction with the tax administration, alongside differences in tax officials’ characteristics, such as seniority or location (e.g. headquarters vs local branches). Our vignette-based experiment confirms that taxpayer–official interactions play a significant role in shaping compliance perceptions. In line with the qualitative results, recalling interactions based on facilitation improves trust in the tax administration and perceptions of professionalism amongst officials. On the contrary, recalling interactions focussed on enforcement deteriorates perceptions about tax morale, respect towards the tax administration, and tax officials’ aggressiveness – with backfiring effects concentrated especially amongst larger taxpayers. Finally, both treatments result in an increase in anxiety and a decrease in perceptions of client orientation. We also document heterogeneous treatment effects across relevant sub-groups of taxpayers and tax officials.</p
Taxation of Fisheries in Kenya: Neither Improving Management nor Raising Revenue?
No full textThe fisheries sector in Kenya can develop more sustainably and raise revenue. However, fish stocks are overexploited, and the sector generates little revenue for its management and development. Fisheries employ 1.6 million people, contribute 2 per cent of total foreign exchange earnings through exports and fishing agreements, and absorb rural labour. The sector needs more effective management to strengthen economic opportunities – revenue collected from it should be reinvested into fisheries to build its institutions.There is now an opportunity for change. The implementing regulation for the 2016 Fisheries Management and Development Act (2016 Act) was officially adopted in summer 2024. This paper explores how the Kenyan government can use this momentum, and utilise taxation as a tool for both sustainable development of fisheries and raising revenue. Our research included a review of guiding legal documents, in-depth interviews, and analysis of data on domestic taxes.Summary of ICTD working Paper 206.</p
Scaling Plastic Reuse Models in LMICs
No full textThis rapid evidence review collates available evidence on scaling refill on the go and return on the go plastic reuse models in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs). The review draws upon information in the public domain and should be considered illustrative rather than representatives of reusable plastic initiatives. The majority of sources are drawn from organisations involved in plastic reuse models or advocating for their roll out e.g., startups who are implementing models or organisations such as the Ellen MacArthur Foundation, etc. The review found a dearth of rigorous evaluations or impact assessments, and therefore much of the findings related to outcome and impact in this review draw on the materials provided by these involved with plastic reuse organisations.</p