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Disability Meets Natural-hazard Related Disasters During Violent Conflict and Forced Migration
No full textAs of 2023, over 2 billion people are affected by violent conflict, and 108.4 million are forcibly displaced due to persecution and violence. In 2022, natural disasters triggered 32.6 million cases of internal displacement, surpassing the 28.3 million caused by conflict. However, disaster risk reduction (DRR) efforts often overlook the compounded challenges faced by persons with disabilities in conflict and displacement scenarios. This chapter examines the vulnerabilities of people with disabilities during concurrent crises of conflict and natural disasters, highlighting the systemic exclusion they encounter. Individuals with disabilities face heightened risks during crises due to societal ableism, which often renders them invisible in disaster response efforts. Article 11 of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities mandates protection for disabled individuals in emergencies, yet they remain marginalised in DRR initiatives, particularly in conflict-affected regions. Barriers such as inaccessible warning systems and inadequate evacuation protocols exacerbate their vulnerabilities, increasing the likelihood of death and injury during disasters. The intersection of disability, conflict, and natural disasters necessitates a reevaluation of DRR strategies to ensure inclusivity. This chapter argues for the integration of disability perspectives in DRR planning and response, emphasising the need for intersectional approaches to mitigate the risks faced by persons with disabilities in these complex crises.</p
Water Insecurity and Economic Development
No full textThis report covers how water insecurity intersects with challenges of economic development, focusing on specific countries in Asia and Africa. The research traces how water insecurity can affect several facets of economic development, divided into sections on agriculture, manufacturing, energy, human settlement and governance. These sections correspond to the categorisation used by the United Nations-Water, the Food and Agriculture Organisation and the World Bank to discuss water use by economic sector. The report zooms into case studies that reveal how socioeconomic development affects water insecurity and vice versa. </p
الانتقال الطاقي خلال الأزمات: تحليل مُقارن بين لبنان والسودان | Energy Transition in the Context of Crisis
No full textُتشير الهيئة الحكومية الدولية ا ّ لمعنية بتغّير المناخ والتابعة لألمم ا ّ لمتحدةإل َّى أن انبعاثات غازات الدفيئة ال َّبد أن تبلغ ذروتها قبل عام 2025 علىأقصى تقدير، ثّم تنخفض بنسبة C بحلول عام 2030 ّ للحد من ارتفاعدرجة حرارة األرض ائه ضمن 1.5 درجة مئوية، مقارنةً بمستويات ما قبلوعلى الرغم م َّ ن أن الحاجة ا ُلمِلّحة إلى مكافحة تغّير المناخالثورة الصناعيةالناجم عن األنشطة البشرية ّ تتطلب التعاون العالمي، ستتّأثر المناطق بتغّير.2 ونظًرا لحجم التأثير ا ُلم َ حتمل و ّ متطلبات االستثمار فيالمناخ بش ٍ كل متباينالبنية األساسية َّ ، فإن بعض المجتمعات والبلدان لن تتمكّن من استيعاب.English version available.</p
النوع الاجتماعي وتغير المناخ في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا: هل تساهم مشاركة المرأة في الشركات المتوسطة والصغيرة ومتناهية الصغر في تسريع وتيرة التحول إلى الطاقة النظيفة؟ | Gender and Climate Change in the MENA Region
No full textرسائل أساسيةتؤثر عملية التصدي لتغير المناخ والتحول إلى الطاقة النظيفة على النساء والرجال بطرق مختلفة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا، وهي منطقة تتوفر فيها الطاقة المتجددة بكثرةيتزايد الوعي ذا الصلة البيئة وتغير المناخ في المنطقة، وخاصةً بين الشباب، والنساء، والفئات ذات الدخل المرتفععلى الرغم من أن النساء ومنظمات المرأة في منطقة الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا تدعو إلى العدالة المناخية، خاصة في المنتديات العالمية، فإن تمثيل المرأة غير كافٍ في مجالات العلوم والتكنولوجيا والهندسة والرياضيات وفي قطاع الطاقةتعد عدم المساواة الهيكلية، والتمييز ضد النساء والفتيات، والتوزيع التقليدي لأدوار النوع الاجتماعي داخل الأسرة المعيشية، بما يشمل مسؤولية جلب الوقود للطهي، من العوامل التي تزيد من تأثير تغير المناخ على النساء. فتقضي النساء ساعات طويلة في جمع الحطب لاستخدامه في الطهي، وأثناء ذلك، يتعرضن للعنف القائم على النوع الاجتماعي، بما في ذلك العنف الجنسي القائم على النوع الاجتماعي، في مناطق معينة مثل دارفور بالسودان. سيساعد التحول إلى الطاقة النظيفة والطاقة المتجددة الفتيات والنساء على توفير الوقت، ويمكنهن من الحصول على فرص تعليمية واقتصادية حسب الاقتضاء، ويحميهن من العنف الجنسي القائم على النوع الاجتماعييعد تحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين والاعتراف بالأدوار التي تلعبها المرأة في التصدي لتغير المناخ وفي التحول إلى الطاقة النظيفة أمران مهمان في حد ذاتهما. ويستلزم التحول العادل مشاركة المرأة والالتزام بالعدالة الاجتماعية والمساواة بين الجنسينلقد أشارت الأبحاث الكمية في مصر، والأردن، والمغرب إلى أن عمر كبار المديرين ومؤهلاتهم التعليمية من العوامل الرئيسية في فهم التحول إلى الطاقة النظيفة. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، قد يلعب السياق الاقتصادي والمؤسسي للبلد دورًا مهمًا في التحول إلى الطاقة النظيفةكما تلعب المنظمات والحركات النسائية دورًا مهمًا في التصدي لتغير المناخ. وتوجد حاجة إلى إجراء أبحاث مستقبلية توثق أدوارها، ونضالاتها، والممارسات الجيدة، والدروس المستفادة من أعمال الحشد وتنظيمهاEnglish translation available.</p
Rapid Scoping Review 2025: Ghana
No full textIn recent years, Ghana has faced significant pushback against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, intersex, and more (LGBTQI+) rights, marked by stricter legal restrictions and widespread societal opposition. Similarly, progress on women’s rights has been slow, with inadequate policy implementation. Despite these challenges, various organisations and movements are actively countering these setbacks. This brief provides an overview of their activities and the broader socio-political context.</p
Rapid Scoping Review 2025: Türkiye
No full textAnti-feminist discourse has long been present among groups across the political spectrum in Türkiye. Erdoğan has explicitly stated that he is against gender equality, that abortion is murder, and that using contraception undermines the nation. This rhetoric influenced the official stance on reproductive rights, resulting in increasingly limited access to both contraception and preventive health measures such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, alongside repeated attempts to restrict or criminalise abortion. This focus on traditional family values led to abolishing the term ‘gender equality’ from official documents, and contributed to a permissive environment for violence clearly observed in the rising incidence of gender-based violence and impunity for the perpetrators. During the 2023 election, the AKP’s homophobic rhetoric intensified, labelling ‘LGBT’ as a threat to national security and family values, and describing homosexuality as ‘perverse’ and incompatible with Islam. This brief explores the context of rollback, the landscape of anti-rollback actors, counter-rollback strategies, and gaps and areas for future research and work.</p
Rapid Scoping Review 2025: Pakistan
No full textOngoing political and economic turmoil, including rising inflation and the fallout from former Prime Minister Imran Khan’s arrest in May 2023, has deepened existing gendered inequities and compounded rollback in Pakistan. For the past two years, Pakistan has ranked 145th out of 146 countries in the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap Report, reflecting its entrenched gender inequalities. Economic hardships have deepened social vulnerabilities. Pakistan’s substantial debt – 75 per cent of its gross domestic product (GDP), along with rising external debt – has severely constrained investment in social services, exacerbating poverty and inequality, and limiting initiatives for women’s empowerment. This brief explores the context of rollback, the landscape of anti-rollback actors, counter-rollback strategies, and gaps and areas for future research and work.</p
Tax Harmonisation Policy within the West African Economic and Monetary Union: Analysis and Prospects
No full textSince 1994, the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) has been engaged in an ambitious project to harmonise its members’ domestic tax systems. Including both indirect and direct taxation, this project has targeted value-added tax (VAT), excise duties, corporate income tax, tax on income from movable capital and rules on double taxation.This study focuses on the WAEMU bodies responsible for the development and implementation of tax harmonisation standards. It also details the objectives assigned to this tax harmonisation policy, so that it can be better evaluated.Summary of ICTD Working Paper 200.</p
Simplified Taxation in Africa: What We Know – and Need to Know
No full textMost economic operators in Africa are small and informal firms that fall under the purview of presumptive or simplified tax regimes (STRs). These taxes are expected to fulfil a range of functions, from raising revenue to facilitating formalisation and improving revenue authorities' data, and yet their effectiveness and impact are surprisingly under-researched. Meanwhile, emerging evidence suggests that STRs often raise little revenue, disproportionately impact low-income earners, and are inconsistently applied. This policy brief summarises what we know about simplified taxes in Africa, who pays them, and why they matter, while highlighting gaps in existing knowledge. It makes the argument that there is a need for a new policy conversation on simplified taxation, and one that is data-driven and evidence-based.</p
Towards Transformative Change: Grass-roots Innovations for Food Security During Crises in Brighton & Hove, UK
No full textThis Working Paper analyses the emergence and evolution of three community-led initiatives focused on food insecurity, with the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic and the ensuing cost-of-living crisis as the backdrop. These initiatives are located in the city of Brighton & Hove, in the United Kingdom (UK), and include: Chomp, a free holiday lunch club catering to families on low incomes; Rock Farm, a community space and horticultural therapy project located in the outskirts of the city; and Brighton Food Factory, a social enterprise initially conceived as a warehouse for storing gleaned food from local farms and processing it into affordable ready-to-eat meals for low-income individuals. Guided by social innovation theory, the paper explores the significance of the crisis context in prompting innovation and outlines benefits and challenges associated with these grass-roots innovations. It also discusses the transformative potential of these innovations, and how they support conditions that can drive broader social change in the future. While currently challenged by dwindling resources and rising needs, in the context of the cost-of-living crisis, these projects are examples of how local connections and community embeddedness are important elements driving innovations that are responsive to emerging needs. Although small in scale, these innovations are building individual and collective capacities, strengthening networks, and helping to reimagine local food relations.</p