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Informations relatives à la préparation et engagement communautaire dans le cadre de la riposte contre le changement climatique dans la région de l’Afrique orientale et australe. Partie 2 : Modules de questions qualitatives pour la collecte de données communautaires au sein de régions touchées par la sécheresse
No full textCe document contient une liste de questions qualitatives liées aux facteurs socio-comportementaux et à la riposte contre la sécheresse. Il vise à faciliter la collecte de données de qualité sur les capacités, les comportements, les pratiques et les perceptions d’une communauté concernant la riposte contre la sécheresse et sa gestion. Ce document peut être utilisé par les équipes de terrain et/ou les équipes de recherche locales qui exercent des activités au sein de communautés actuellement confrontées à la sécheresse ou dont on prévoit qu’elles seront confrontées à la sécheresse dans un avenir proche. </p
Information preparedness and community engagement for climate change response in the Eastern and Southern Africa Region. Part 2: Qualitative question modules for community-level data collection in drought-affected locations
No full textThis resource is a menu of qualitative questions related to socio-behavioural factors and drought response. It seeks to facilitate the collection of quality data on a community’s capacity, behaviours, practices and perceptions in relation to drought response and management. This resource can be used by field teams and/or local research teams working in communities currently experiencing drought or are forecasted to experience drought in the near future. </p
Firm-Level Innovation and the Role of Political Capabilities: Evidence for the Pharmaceuticals Industry
No full textThe global debate on balancing incentives for innovation in the pharmaceutical industry and facilitating competition for greater access to affordable medicines and vaccines has intensified in the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic. Drug discovery and vaccine development are expensive processes involving significant research and development (R&D) costs. And while the economic fundamentals of incentivising innovation for the pharmaceutical industry are traditionally linked to patenting, several scholars have highlighted the inefficiencies and greater appropriation of the returns from R&D for private firms. In this paper, we investigate the relationship between R&D and patents in the pharmaceutical industry as knowledge-based competitive advantage. We compile a unique data set of 1,012 medium and large pharmaceutical firms globally from 2015 to 2021 to understand how firms leverage their political capabilities or processes and market-based activities that help to influence policy outcomes or acquire resources in increasingly complex supply chains in the context of high and uncertain environmental dynamism.</p
Implementation of Advance Pricing Agreements: The Case for Low- and Lower-Middle-Income Countries
No full textAdvanced pricing agreements (APAs) aim to prevent transfer pricing (TP) disputes, increase certainty, and ultimately reduce the TP risk. This is achieved through taxpayers and tax authorities agreeing in advance on the criteria for determining the arm’s length pricing of transactions. These agreements are typically valid for several years, assuming that critical assumptions remain unchanged.Interest in APAs has been steadily increasing, seemingly partly due to Action 14 of the Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, which recommends the facilitation of effective dispute resolution mechanisms. This includes the use of Bilateral Advance Pricing Agreements (BAPAs) where feasible.Many studies on APAs have largely focused on high-income countries – when they feature low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) it is mainly China and India. The challenges LLMICs face when enforcing TP legislation are different to those faced by high-income countries. This paper addresses this gap by presenting the findings of a study on four LLMICs – Indonesia and Vietnam, which have active APA programmes, and Nigeria and Uganda, which have APA provisions in their legislation but have yet to operationalise their regimes.By examining the lived experience of these countries the study aims to interrogate the challenges faced, and provide recommendations for implementing APA regimes in LLMICs, which have not been as prominently featured in existing literature.Based on interviews with various stakeholders in the case study countries, we reasonably conclude that a properly implemented APA regime can benefit LLMICs. It can increase tax certainty, and improve the relationship both between tax authorities and taxpayers, and tax authorities and treaty partners.However, despite being beneficial, an APA regime should not be an automatic policy choice. A pragmatic approach should be taken, especially where a country’s TP regime is still in the early stages of implementation, or where, despite being present, the revenue authority has not built taxpayer confidence through consistent administration of TP regulations. Where a decision is made to implement an APA regime, investing in building the capacity of TP units plays a crucial role in developing and running a successful APA regime.</p
Considérations clés : Utiliser les sciences sociales et comportementales pour éclairer l'utilisation des vaccins dans les situations d'urgence sanitaire
No full textCette note synthétise les recherches en sciences sociales et comportementales sur l'utilisation des vaccins lors des urgences sanitaires en Afrique subsaharienne, y compris les vaccins faisant l'objet d'essais cliniques ("vaccins expérimentaux"). La région connaît des épidémies de variole, de maladie à virus de Marburg et d'Ebola (maladie à virus du Soudan), et de nombreux essais cliniques de vaccins contre ces maladies sont en cours. Les résultats de la recherche en sciences sociales et comportementales peuvent contribuer aux stratégies visant à renforcer la confiance dans les vaccins et, surtout, à la conception des essais cliniques et au déploiement des vaccins. Pour améliorer l'efficacité du déploiement des vaccins, il est essentiel de veiller à ce que les programmes prennent en compte la dynamique sociale et les perspectives communautaires dès le départ, et non pas seulement à la fin de la livraison.Ce document est basé sur une analyse rapide de la littérature publiée et s'appuie sur des données relatives à la vaccination systématique, à la vaccination dans les situations d'urgence sanitaire et aux essais cliniques de vaccins dans les situations d'urgence sanitaire. Il met en évidence les questions clés et les bonnes pratiques qui devraient être prises en compte dans la conception et la réalisation des essais cliniques de vaccins lors d'une urgence de santé publique.</p
The Political Economy of Taxation in Somalia: Historical Legacies, Informal Institutions, and Political Settlements
No full textDespite significant externally driven efforts to strengthen the reach of the state in recent years, the government of Somalia still has one of the weakest tax capacities in the world, with a tax-to-GDP ratio of about 2 per cent. Many accounts of the tax challenges facing Somalia start with reference to the collapse of the state in 1991, and focus on the conflict and instability that followed. In this paper we draw attention to the historical legacies of weak taxation that predate recent conflict, and analyse the broader political economy of conflict and taxation that limit both the state’s capacity and will to tax. Top-down or technocratic institution-building is destined to fail if it does not take into account these political economy dynamics, and transform underlying political and social relations, and informal institutions.Summary of ICTD Working Paper 216. </p
Rapid Scoping Review 2025: Indonesia
No full textIndonesia is experiencing significant democratic backsliding, threatening the freedoms and rights of women and of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and more (LGBT+) communities. Civil society organisations, which have long been central to advancing democracy and human rights, are facing increasing restrictions under President Prabowo Subianto’s administration. This brief explores the background and context of rollback in Indonesia, the landscape of anti-rollback actors, counter-rollback strategies, and the gaps and areas for future research and work.</p
Decriminalisation of Cannabis Among States in Southern & East Africa
No full textThis rapid evidence review collates available evidence on decriminalisation of cannabis among states in South & East Africa. The review draws upon information in the public domain and should be considered illustrative of current status of decriminalisation across the focus region. The evidence base on the impact of decriminalisation of cannabis on other countries is more challenging to ascertain.</p
Countering Online Gender-Based Violence: Cyber Security or State Security and the Dilemmas of Policy Engagement
No full textThis paper explores the dilemmas faced by gender justice activists in Bangladesh regarding whether and how to engage with laws that conflict with fundamental freedoms and rights, while acknowledging the importance of a legal framework to regulate cyberspace. The research also examines the difficulties and limitations faced by activists in navigating existing institutions and laws to provide redress for victims of online gender-based violence (OGBV).</p
Poverty Dynamics and Social Assistance Amidst Intersecting Crises in Nigeria
No full textThis paper investigates the role of crises (e.g. armed conflict, displacement, climate-related disasters, Covid‑19, and economic crises) in driving negative poverty trajectories in Nigeria, alongside the extent to which social assistance may be fit for purpose to respond to intersecting crises. The paper adopts a mixed-methods approach, bringing together analysis of quantitative survey data from 2010 to 2023, with qualitative data collected in six states across the country’s six geopolitical zones in 2023. Study findings point to intersecting crises driving both the acuteness of chronic poverty as well as new instances of impoverishment that are becoming sustained. Social assistance – albeit constrained by limited coverage – plays an important role by supporting promotive and protective means of coping during crises. Based on the study findings, policy recommendations include expanding social assistance coverage, strengthening conflict resolution and peace-building, promoting equity-centred economic policy responses, and addressing underlying structural challenges.</p