Journal of Tropical Biodiversity and Biotechnology
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The Application of Amino Acid Racemization Geochronology of Tubipora sp. in Marine Terraces of Manokwari Region, West Papua, Indonesia
Full text linkThe active neotectonics of northern West Papuan coastlines allow the formation of emergent marine terraces associated with Quaternary sea-level high stands. These terraces contain fossils from the coral assemblage, which are useful for geochronological assessments and further estimating uplift rates. Here, we report the applicability of amino acid racemization (AAR) of Tubipora sp. to discriminate different ages associated with stages of sea-level high stand, constrained by previous uranium-thorium (U/Th) series dating. The results from amino acid dating of three samples reveal two distinct extents of racemization corresponding to terraces developed during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 sensu lato and 1. However, AAR analysis could not further discriminate interstadial MIS 5a and 5c as determined by published radiometric dating. This indicates the low resolving power of amino acid dating to distinguish sub-sequences beyond the interglacial period. Nevertheless, the cost-effective and rapid analysis of AAR dating of Tubipora sp. can be used as preliminary results related to marine terraces formed in different interglacial events
Therapeutic Effects of BRC Functional Food from Indonesian Black Rice on Body Weight and Haematological Parameters in Obese Rats
Full text linkObesity increases the risk of various diseases. Black rice, renowned for its high anthocyanin content, is considered a potential functional food for preventing metabolic disorders. The current study investigated the effects of black rice crunch (BRC) on body weight and haematological profiles in obese rats. Rats were fed with high-fat diet to induce obesity and supplemented with different concentrations of BRC for 4 and 8 weeks. The results showed that high-fat diet effectively induced obesity, as evidenced by significant increase in body weight. Importantly, 75% BRC supplementation resulted in significant weight reduction in obese rats. Further analysis revealed an increase in erythrocyte numbers in obese groups supplemented with 75% BRC, but no significant changes in haemoglobin concentration or haematocrit percentage. Further investigation showed that 75% BRC led to a decrease in mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), potentially affecting the size and concentration of haemoglobin within erythrocytes. The total leucocytes count increased with the high-fat diet, while BRC supplementation alone did not have significant impact. Lymphocyte percentage remained stable across the groups, indicating minimal influence of the dietary interventions. Neutrophil percentage varied initially but was not specific to BRC or the high-fat diet. Platelet count and distribution width were not significantly influenced, but mean platelet volume (MPV) increased after 8 weeks of BRC treatment, suggesting larger platelet sizes associated with obesity. Overall, the study provides important insights into the effects of BRC supplementation on body weight and haematological parameters related to obesity.
Growth Kinetic Modelling of Efficient Anabaena sp. Bioflocculation
Full text linkBioflocculation is a harvesting technique that employs flocculant agents such as bacteria and microalgae. The benefit is the absence of a chemical-added flocculant. Because bacteria need a particular medium, microalgae flocculant agents are more effective. This study used Anabaena sp. to collect fat, protein, and carbohydrates from the Glagah consortium. Three replications of those microalgae were grown in 300 ml of Bold Basal Medium culture for eight days. On the day of harvest, flocculant microalgae (Anabaena sp.) and non-flocculant microalgae (Glagah) were combined to accomplish flocculation. On the day of harvest, parameters were observed by combining Anabaena sp. with the Glagah consortium in the ratios 1: 1, 0.5: 1, and 0.25: 1. There were three times of each parameter test. Utilizing a wavelength of 750 nm, the proportion of precipitation was calculated spectrophotometrically. Bligh and Dyer were used to measure the lipids. The phenol sulfate technique was used to calculate the amount of carbohydrates. By employing the Bradford method, proteins were quantified. Biofocculation percentages and carbohydrate content were optimum on a ratio of 0.25:1. Lipid and protein content were optimum on a ratio of 1:1
Lessons from the Mass Production of Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti for Egg Release in the Sleman and Bantul Districts of Yogyakarta
Full text linkAn efficacy study on wMel Wolbachia-infected Aedes aegypti technology conducted by the World Mosquito Program (WMP) Yogyakarta showed the reducing of dengue incidence in Yogyakarta City. Following this successful result, the intervention was scaled up into two neighbouring districts: Sleman and Bantul. This paper describes our experience in mass production for providing release material for a larger area to reach the deployment target, which includes insectary requirements, mass production protocols, and diagnostic screening. This review may serve as a reference guidance for national mass production for wMel Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti.
Lead (Pb)-Resistant Bacteria Improve Brassica chinensis Biomass and Reduce Pb Concentration in Pb-Contaminated Soil
Full text linkApplications of inorganic fertilisers and pesticides frequently increase lead (Pb) content in the soil and food crops. This study aims to isolate Pb-resistant bacteria and test the isolated bacteria in reducing Pb concentration and increasing biomass production of Brassica chinensis on Pb-contaminated soil. Soil and plant samples were collected from agricultural land in Batu City, East Java, Indonesia. The isolated bacteria were tested for Pb resistance and then characterised according to 16S rRNA Sequence. A pot trial with a completely randomised block design consisting of 9 treatments and 3 replications was set to determine the effect of Pb-resistant bacteria inoculation on Pb residue, plant growth, and soil nutrients. The result showed that the isolated Pb-resistant bacteria were Bacillus wiedmannii and Bacillus altitudinis. The bacteria were resistant to Pb up to 10,000 mg/L PbNO3. Inoculation of the bacteria increased B. chinensis growth and biomass production, namely increasing the number of leaves (12%) and dry weight (35%). Also, the bacteria reduced Pb residue in the soil by up to 88%. Moreover, soil essential nutrients such as total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium increased (12%, 73%, and 200%, respectively) after the application of Pb-resistant bacteria. The bacteria have the potential for bioremediation of Pb-contaminated soils on a large scale due to the bacteria prevent Pb uptake by food crops such as B. chinensis by reducing Pb content in the soil, which is good for food safety and environmental sustainability.
Occurrence of Cassava Lace Bug Vatiga illudens (Drake, 1922) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) in Bali, Indonesia
Full text linkCassava Lace Bugs (CLB) are native pest of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz, Euphorbiaceae) to the Neotropical Region, mainly in Brazil. On the other hand, East Java was the first region in Indonesia to record the presence of CLB in 2021, however, it has not been reported in other regions in Indonesia. Therefore, the very importance to recognise the occurrence of CLB in other regions in Indonesia. Based on this, the research has been carried out starting with a field survey, observing behaviour of insect in the field and identify morphologically in the laboratory. The survey results show that the infestation of CLB has been found in lowland, medium, and highland areas in Bali. Symptoms of infestation on the upper leaf surface are small yellow spots with brownish variations. Based on the identification key, CLB from Bali Indonesia, shows a characteristic of a head with a pair of frontal spines. Based on this evidence, the CLB insect can be identified as Vatiga illudens (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae). It is the first report of novel distribution areas for V. illudens in Bali, Indonesia. The results of this research are important because V. illudens is one of the main pests of cassava.
Morpho-Ecotype Characterization of Superior Local Durian (Durio zibethinus L.) in Jember Regency
Full text linkPanti and Sumberjambe Districs are known as durian centre in Jember Regency, it is necessary to characterise the main potential superior durian trees. The exploratory investigation was carried out between April - July 2023. Morphological characterisation and Ecological observations including topography, soil type and climate were carried out. Data were analysed in clusters and descriptively. The results showed that 10 local durian accessions from Panti District had 66% similarity. The highest similarity between Montong Belanda and Gendon durians (75%). Ten local durians from Sumberjambe showed 64% similarity. Si Sukun differed significantly, whereas LK 1 and LK 4 shared 85% similarity
Morphological Structure of the Tongue of Gekko gecko in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Full text linkGekko gecko is a member of the order Squamata from the family Gekkonidae and mainly feeds on small insects. This study aims to determine the morphology of the tongue of Gekko gecko through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Six adult Gekko gecko were obtained from the Special Region of Yogyakarta, and Gekko gecko tongue samples were stored in SEM fixative solution and then observed with SEM. For histochemical and IHC staining, tongue samples were processed into paraffin blocks and cut into 8 µm-thick sections. The SEM revealed three types of papillae: dome-shaped papillae at the apex, fan-shaped papillae at the corpus, and scale–like papillae at the radix. Histological observations showed that the tongue of the Gekko gecko was composed of tunica mucosa and tunica muscularis, and goblet cells were present in the lamina of the epithelial mucosa. Meanwhile, no taste buds were found. Immunoreactivity against PGP 9.5 was observed on the tunica muscularis of the apex, corpus, and radix. Taken together, this study provides new insight into the tongue morphology of Gekko gecko and is dominated by mechanical papillae on the tongue surface
A Brief Review of Efficacious Plants in the World: Tagetes (Marigold)
Full text linkTagetes is a genus consisting of several efficacious plant species known as marigold, which is native to Mexico and has spread worldwide due to its ability to adapt to different soil conditions. This genus is very popular among gardeners because it’s easy to cultivate, adaptable, produces flowers all year round, has a free flowering habit, short duration, and the flower has an attractive color and shape. It has many flowers of varying colors such as red, orange, yellow, mixed red-orange or red-yellow, but the yellow and orange color are the most popular. The flowers contain many carotenoids, which act as antioxidants, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogen, nematicide, and cosmetics. The carotenoid can also cure fever, epileptic fits, astringent, scabies, liver complaints, stomachache, sore throat, and can be used as a natural moisturizer, and natural mosquito repellent Besides its use as a medicinal plant, Tagetes is also used as ornamental plants and edible plants. This manuscript’s endeavour is to include some important investigations and studies about the general description, phytochemicals compounds and essential oils, medicinal uses, natural pesticides, and food and beverage uses of the marigolds.
Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) Gene Detection in Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793, Apis dorsata binghami Cockerell, 1906, Apis florea Fabricius, 1787, and Apis nigrocincta Smith, 1860
Full text linkIndonesian people’s interest in honey, the product from honey bees, is quite high. It caused many cases of honey fraud such as mislabelling the entomological origin of honey. The Major Royal Jelly Protein 2 (mrjp2) gene, which encodes MRJP, can be used to determine the entomological origin of honey. The mrjp2 gene, for example, can be detected in honey from A. mellifera and A. cerana using species-specific primers for A. mellifera (MF-MR) and A. cerana (CF-CR). This study aims to detect the mrjp2 gene in several honey bee species native to Indonesia, namely A. dorsata, A. dorsata binghami, A. florea, A. nigrocincta, A. mellifera, and A. cerana as well as analyse the feasibility of MF-MR and CF-CR primers in determining the entomological origin of honey. The results showed that the MF-MR primers can amplify the DNA of A. dorsata binghami, A. florea, and A. mellifera, while CF-CR primers can amplify the DNA of both A. nigrocincta and A. cerana. The amplicons were subsequently sequenced. The phylogenetic tree and the genetic distance showed that there were differences and variation between each species of honey bee samples with the honey bee database. The data obtained from this research indicated that both primers could not determine the entomological origin of honey directly up to species level. The species level determination will only be possible using sequences information. However, in certain situations, the MF-MR and CF-CR primers were able to differentiate the honey bee species by including the information of the geographical origin of honey sample and the distribution area of each species of honey bees in Indonesia.