Majalah Obat Tradisional
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Loading and Release Profile Assay of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Incorporated with Propolis as Bone Graft Material
Get PDFPeriodontitis can lead to the destruction of the alveolar bone. The loss of the alveolar bone can be treated using carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) as a bone graft material. However, CHA is an alloplastic graft whose primary function is to act as a scaffold, but it is unable to stimulate the process of bone regeneration. Carbonated hydroxyapatite is an avascular synthetic material, which will increase the risk of bacterial adhesion on site that can lead to unsuccessful periodontal therapy. The incorporation of propolis into CHA is expected to add antibacterial capability into CHA. Besides its antibacterial property, propolis also has a bone regenerating effect. Mixing CHA with propolis needs to consider the process of loading the active ingredients into the carrier. The release of propolis is expected to occur gradually over a lengthy period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the loading and releasing assay for propolis incorporated with CHA. A propolis solution of 5%, 7.5%, and 10% was each incorporated into 10 mg of CHA. The loading percentage and releasing assay of propolis were measured. The absorbance reading was done at 289 nm using a UV-vis. It was shown that a 10% propolis solution had the highest loading percentage (32.08%), while the 5% propolis solution had the smallest loading percentage (10.63%). The propolis releasing profiles in all concentration groups were similar. The difference in propolis concentration incorporated with CHA affected the loading percentage but did not affect the propolis releasing assay
EFEKTIVITAS KRIM ANTIJERAWAT EKSTRAK METANOL DAUN PACAR AIR (Impatiens balsamina L.)
Get PDFMany studies have found that Impatiens balsamina leaves contain antibacterial activity. The present study was conducted to evaluate antiacne effect from cream of methanolic extract from leaves of Impatiens balsamina L. towards Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which concentration that gives the most effective antiacne and to evaluate physical and chemical properties of creams. The simplicia was extracted by soxhlet technique and using methanol as solvent. Kirby-Baeur diffusion method was used to measure the antibacterial activity. The extract was formulated in cream with concentration of 10%, 15% and 20%. Evaluation of physical and chemical properties was done by organoleptic testing, spreadability, adhesive force, pH and antibacterial effectiveness. Data was analyzed using R-Commander program 2.14.1 Version. Formula II which contained 15% extract showed the most effective inhibiton to the growth of bacteria. The evaluation of FII cream showed that the cream was homogen, the spreadability was 21,24 + 1,464cm2, adhesive force more than 60 minutes, and pH of 6,53 + 0,057.Daun pacar air (Impatiens balsamina L.) telah banyak diteliti memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui apakah krim ekstrak metanol daun pacar air mempunyai efek sebagai antijerawat, konsentrasi ekstrak metanol daun pacar air yang paling efektif, dan mengetahui hasil evaluasi sediaan krim ekstrak metanol daun pacar air secara fisik dan kimia. Simplisia disokhletasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan dengan metode disc diffusion Kirby-Bauer. Ekstrak diformulasikan dalam bentuk krim dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15% dan 20%. Evaluasi sediaan meliputi pemeriksaan organoleptis seperti bau, warna, bentuk serta homogenitas, pengujian daya sebar, daya lekat, pH dan antibakteri. Analisis data menggunakan program R-Commander versi 12.4.1. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya kemampuan sediaan krim dalam menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri penyebab jerawat S. epidermidis dan P. acnes dengan konsentrasi ekstrak 15% pada formula II yang memberikan penghambatan paling efektif. Hasil evaluasi sediaan formula II menunjukkan sifat fisik yang homogen, daya sebar sebesar 21,24 + 1,464cm2, daya lekat >60 menit dan pH sebesar 6,53 + 0,057
KETOKSIKAN AKUT EKSTRAK AIR Eupatorium riparium Reg. PADA TIKUS SPRAGUE-DAWLEY
Get PDFEupatorium riparium Reg. is one of medicinal plant that might be used to cure a disease optimally. Some research reports and traditional uses in society show that this plant can be used as a diuretic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, immunostimulant, anti-malarial, and anti-infective agents. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate its safety. The aim of this study is to determine the acute toxicity of the aqueous extract of E. riparium Reg. at Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The acute toxicity test was conducted using the method of OECD 423. Male SD rats were orally given aqueous extracts of E. riparium Reg. which was started with a dose of 2000 mg / kg. Observations were performed 24 hours after the administration with intensive observations on the first 4 hours. The result showed that there were no animals found in dead condition when treated with a dose of 2000 mg/kg; repeated testing is also showed that no animals died, so the observation was continued until 14 days. The dose was increased to 5000 mg/kg, and again there were no dead animals. From the results, it can be concluded that the potential for acute toxicity (LD50) (cut off) of aqueous extract of E. riparium Reg., in rats is > 5000 mg/kg. In addition, toxic symptoms such as restlessness, lick, hyperactivity, forced movement, paralysis of the legs, dyspnea were shown but these symptoms were disappeared after 14 days. Histopathological study showed that there was no change on animal’s organ compared to the normal control. Tumbuhan Eupatorium riparium Reg. merupakan salah satu tumbuhan berkhasiat obat yang memungkinkan dimanfaatkan dengan optimal. Beberapa hasil penelitian dan penggunaan pada masyarakat memperlihatkan bahwa tumbuhan ini dapat digunakan sebagai diuretika, antiinflamasi, hepatoprotektor, imunostimulan, antimalaria, dan antiinfeksi. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya penelitian untuk evaluasi keamanan secara menyeluruh, salah satunya yaitu penentuan ketoksikan akut ekstrak air E. riparium Reg. pada tikus Sprague-Dawley (SD). Uji ketoksikan akut ini dilakukan mengikuti metode OECD 423. Hewan uji tikus betina galur SD. Hewan uji diberi ekstrak air E. riparium Reg. yang dimulai dengan dosis 2000 mg/kg BB. Pengamatan dilakukan 24 jam dengan pengamatan intensif pada 4 jam pertama. Semua tikus pada dosis 2000 mg/kg tidak ada yang mati; dilakukan pengujian ulang juga tidak ada yang mati, sehingga pengamatan dilanjutkan sampai 14 hari. Dosis dinaikkan menjadi 5000 mg/kg BB, ternyata tidak ada hewan yang mati, juga pada pengujian ulang. Juga dilakukan pemeriksaan histopatologis pada tikus dosis 2000 mg/kg BB dan juga pada tikus dosis 5000 mg/kg BB. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa potensi ketoksikan akut (LD50) (cut off) ekstrak air E. riparium Reg., pada tikus sebesar >5000 mg/kg BB yang menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak tersebut bersifat tidak toksik (tidak terklasifikasi dan termasuk dalam kategori GHS V). Selain itu sediaan uji memperlihatkan gejala toksik berupa gelisah, menjilat, keberangasan, keterpaksaan gerak, paralisis kaki belakang, dipsnea, tetapi gejala tersebut hilang atau sembuh kembali pada pengamatan 14 hari. Tidak ada perubahan pada pemeriksaan histopatologis.
Efficacy of Combination Dutasteride and Lycopene to Reduce Bleeding in Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) Post- Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) Overview of Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1 α) Expression and Hematocrit Levels
Get PDFTrans Urethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) is one of the gold operating standards for people with Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH), but the complications, like bleedings, often occur both in durante and post-surgery. The risk of bleeding in TURP is caused by angiogenesis. Hypoxia-Induced Factor-1 Alpha (HIF-1 α) is one of the trigger factors for angiogenesis in BPH. Based on the existing literature, it was found that there was a relationship between lycopene and dutasteride which both had a synergistic effect in inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the mechanism is unknown. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the combination of dutasteride and lycopene on the expression of HIF-1α and hematocrit levels in BPH patients undergoing TURP surgery. This research was an experimental study with "Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial Post Test Only Design". The 22 patients were divided into 2 groups, namely T (dutasteride + lycopene), C (lycopene+plasebo), which were given every 24 hours for a minimum of 30 days until the TURP operation was carried out. The observation of HIF-1α expression used immunohistochemical methods. Different tests were conducted between the groups with Independent T-test. The result shows the combination of dutasteride and lycopene was not significant in reducing the HIF-1α expression, indicated by mean rank in the group (C) (= 21.60), group (T) (= 20.00). The results obtained from the Independent T-test were (p = 0.410), meaning the difference in HIF-1α expression between the 2 groups was not significant: Average Δ Ht group C (= 1.26); group T (= -0,98). The statistical test with the Independent T-test obtained (p = 0.027), where there were significant differences. Giving a combination of dutasteride and lycopene for at least 30 days pre-TURP surgery was not effective in reducing the expression of hypoxia-induced factor - 1 alpha (HIF-1α) but was effective in reducing hematocrit levels compared to a single administration of dutasteride in BPH patients undergoing TURP surgery
In Vitro Anti-Wrinkle and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities of Grapefruit Peel and Strawberry Extracts
Get PDFThe research aims to analyse the antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-wrinkle activities from grapefruit (Citrus Maxima L) and strawberry extracts. Samples were extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol and ethyl acetate, subsequently. The Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and β-carotene bleaching (BCB) were used to measure the antioxidant activity. The effect of anti-wrinkle was determined by testing the inhibition of elastase and collagenase enzyme, while anti-tyrosinase activity was analysed using mushroom tyrosinase enzyme. The results showed that strawberry extracts in ethanolic (SE) and ethyl acetate (SEA) have antioxidant activity in FRAP (EC50 = 404.39 ± 3.27 µg / mL and 1978.65 ± 37.25 µg/mL) and BCB (IC50 = 292.30 ± 4.69 µg/mL and 671.11 ± 6.74 µg/mL). Whereas the grapefruit peel extracts both in ethanolic (GPE) and ethyl acetate (GPEA) have antioxidant activity in FRAP (EC50 219.47 ± 71.96 µg / ml and 309.44 ± 95.76 µg/ml) and BCB (EC50 245.19 ± 162.47 µg/ml and 567.54 ± 95.31 µg/ml). As positive standards for FRAP antioxidant analysis were quercetin and vitamin C which has IC50 respectively 18.97 ± 4.50 µg/mL and 24.47 ± 1.44 µg/mL. While in BCB analysis, Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT) used as positive standard (IC50 38.68 ± 5.70 µg/mL). The samples of SE, SEA, GPE and GPEA showed tyrosinase inhibitory activity which the IC50 values were respectively 492.68 ± 1.43; 2658 ± 48.08; 3312.5 ± 222.74; 2985.17 ± 122.80 µg/ml. Kojic acid (IC50 111.52 ± 0.42 µg/ml) is used as positive standard in this study. In addition, SE, SEA, GPE and GPEA were able to inhibit elastase and collagenase enzymes, although their activities were still lower than the positive standard used in this study. Elastastinal in concentration 50 µg/mL giving elastase inhibition about 71.71 ± 0.81 µg/mL, while vitamin C in the same concentration showed collagenase inhibition about 66.79 ± 1.23 µg/mL. It can be concluded that the extract of strawberry and grapefruit peel has antioxidant, anti-tyrosinase and anti-wrinkle activity through inhibition of elastase and collagenase enzymes; thus, they can be used as antiaging cosmetic ingredients
PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOLIK 50% HERBA PEGAGAN (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN PROLIFERASI SEL LIMFOSIT MENCIT JANTAN GALUR Balb/c YANG DIINDUKSI VAKSIN HEPATITIS B
Get PDFPegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) has been known as multi effect plant that empirically used in the traditional medicine. This research aims to evaluate the effect of 50%ethanolic extract of pegagan herb against increased lymphocyte proliferation cells in Balb/c mice that induced with hepatitis B vaccine, and also to evaluate triterpen glicosida compound (asiaticosida) of 50% ethanolic extract of pegagan herb. The test was done by 60 Balb/c male mices that divided into 6 groups : control group, testing group that was treated with pegagan extract dose of 25 mg/KgBB, 50 mg/KgBB, 100 mg/KgBB, 200 mg/KgBB and 400 mg/KgBB. All of mices were vaccinated on day 0 and days 15. Furthermore, identification of triterpen glicosida compound was done by KLT method using BAW 4:1:5 as upper eluen. Lymphocyte cells were isolated and the cells proliferation measured by MTT reduction method. Data was analyzed statistically using 95% confidence level. The result shown that 50% of ethanolic extract of pegagan herb did not give the immuomodulatory effect while the identification test shown that 50% of extract of pegagan herb has triterpen glicosida compound (asiaticoside).Pegagan (Centella asiatica (L.) Urban) dikenal sebagai tanaman yang memiliki banyak khasiat yang secara empiris digunakan dalam pengobatan tradisional. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanolik 50% herba pegagan terhadap peningkatan proliferasi sel limfosit pada mencit jalur Balb/c yang diinduksi vaksin hepatitis B serta untuk mengetahui adanya senyawa glikosida triterpen (asiatikosida) dalam ekstrak etanolik 50% herba pegagan. Sebanyak 60 ekor mencit jantan galur Balb/c dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok yaitu kelompok kontrol, kelompok uji yang diberi ekstrak pegagan dosis 25 mg/KgBB, 50 mg/KgBB, 100 mg/KgBB, 200 mg/KgBB dan 400 mg/KgBB. Hewan uji divaksinasi pada hari ke-0 dan hari ke-15. Sementara identifikasi senyawa glikosida triterpen dilakukan dengan metode KLT dengan fase gerak atas BAW 4:1:5. Sel limfosit diisolasi kemudian proliferasi sel diukur menggunakan metode MTT. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara statistika dengan taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanolik 50% herba pegagan tidak berefek sebagai imunomodulator sedangkan hasil identifikasi menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanolik 50% pegagan mengandung senyawa glikosida triterpen (asiatikosida)
Comparative Effects of Yellow Root (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) Decoctions with Water and Brackish Water on Kidneys and Uterus in Wistar Rats
No full textYellow root (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr.) is a medicinal plant used traditionally in Borneo, Indonesia, for several diseases. Nevertheless, it contains berberine alkaloids that are considered harmful. Empirically, based on local wisdom people do not boil yellow roots with water but with brackish water. This study aimed to determine the effects of yellow root decoctions made using water and brackish water on blood biochemical and histopathological profile of kidneys and uterus in Wistar rats after subchronic treatment. Overall, 70 Wistar female rats were divided into seven groups of which three groups were given yellow root water decoctions and three groups were given yellow root brackish water decoctions with doses equivalent to 1.25 g/kg BW, 2.5 g/kg BW and 5 g/kg BW of dried yellow root, whereas the control group was only given Aquadest. After 28 days of treatments, blood samples were obtained for biochemical examination followed by a surgical examination to observe the histological features of the organs. The results revealed significant differences in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels between group that was given water decoction of the yellow root and the control group. On the other hand, the groups that were given brackish water decoction revealed no significant changes, except at the highest dose. Furthermore, histopathological features of rats treated using all doses of the yellow root water decoctions revealed organ damage compared with the normal group, manifested as hemorrhage, degeneration, and necrosis of the kidneys, as well as epithelial damage and inflammatory infiltration of the uterus
Standardization of Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis as Components of Scientific Jamu
Get PDFSaintifikasi Jamu, or the scientific investigation of Jamu, is an evidence-based process to ensure the safety and efficacy of herbal medicine through health service research. Jamu has been empirically explored as a composition of various crude drugs, hence called as Scientific Jamu. Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis are two of the 30 medicinal plants processed into Scientific Jamu. Components of the Scientific Jamu are standardized to ensure that these materials meet the predefined quality. This study was aimed to determine the specific parameters (macroscopic, microscopic, total flavonoid content, water-soluble extract content, and ethanol-soluble extract content) and non-specific parameters (loss on drying, total ash content, and acid insoluble ash content) of Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis collected from Batu, Tawangmangu, and Bogor. The methods of the determination referred to the Indonesian Herbal Pharmacopoeia 1st Edition (2008). The results showed that Phyllanthus niruri and Sonchus arvensis from the three places did not meet the standard requirement
Evaluation of Gastroprotective Activity of Cemot Leaves (Passiflora foetida L.) Extracted by Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) Against Ethanol-Induced Gastric Lesions in Rats
Get PDFPeptic ulcers are one of the global health problems in the world. However, most of these drugs have unwanted side effects and drug interactions that this research focuses on the use of plant products as an anti gastric ulcer. The phytochemical of Passiflora foetida L. leaves or better known by the name of the Central Borneo with 'Cemot' such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannin has potential as a gastroprotective. This study used the method of extraction of non-conventional, namely the UAE, because it has advantages compared with other conventional methods. This study aims to investigate the gastroprotective activities of ethanol extract of Passiflora foetida leaves-UAE. Cemot extract was obtained by UAE method using a concentration of ethanol (70%), the ratio of sample/liquid (10g/mL) for 3 minutes. Three groups of rats treated with a respective dose of the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg BW), one group of rats treated with omeprazole 36 mg/kg BW for seven days before peptic ulcer induction using ethanol. The activity gastroprotective with measurement of lesion of gastric ulcer index and the percentage of inhibition ulcer. Group of rats treated with 200 mg/kg BW extract showed a decreased the ulcer index and ulcer inhibition than the other extract dosage groups, respectively 2.83 and 35.34%. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study concluded that the cemot extract has potential as a gastroprotective
Influence of Propylene Glycol Concentrations in Mangostin Pericarp Extract Gels Formulation: Gels Physical Characteristics, Antibacterial Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus, and Functional Antioxidant Activity Based on Radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl Scavenging Activity
Get PDFMangostin (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit pericarp (GMP) extract has been shown to have antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate gel formulations of GMP extract using sodium carboxymethylcellulose as a gelling agent and propylene glycol (PG) in varying concentrations (i.e. 0-40%). GMP extract was evaluated for total mangostin content and antioxidant activity based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method. Physical gel characteristics were also examined. All gels had similar pH and spreadability, however, gel with 40% PG produced significantly lower viscosity. Antibacterial activities against S.aureus were shown to be the same among GMP extract gels. The antioxidant activity of all GMP extract gels could be confirmed based on the radical DPPH scavenging method. PG content of 40% significantly reduced the increase of GMP extract gel viscosity after being stored for four weeks at room temperature. Additionally, the lowest syneresis was also shown for GMP extract gel with 40% PG content