Majalah Obat Tradisional
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Red Ginger Effect on Yield Percentage and Antioxidant Activity in Red Ginger–Angkak Combination
Full text linkRed ginger and angkak are often combined in Chinese cuisine to maintain health. Both of these ingredients are known to have potent antioxidant activity respectively, but the combination of red ginger and angkak has never been studied. The purpose of this research is to see the effect of the amount of red ginger on the percentage of yield and antioxidant activity in the combination of red ginger and angkak. Red ginger and angkak extracts are combined, each ingredient is extracted singly. The amount of red ginger was varied, namely 10, 20, 30, and 40 g. In comparison, the number of angkak remains at 55 g. Both materials were extracted by kinetic heat at a temperature of 600C and a stirring speed of 800 rpm for 120 minutes. The yield percentage of the viscous extract obtained was calculated, and its antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. In addition, the chromatogram profile test of red ginger and angkak was also carried out. Increasing the amount of red ginger in the red ginger - angkak extract did not have a significant effect (p>0.05) on the yield percentage but had a significant effect (p<0.05) by increasing the antioxidant activity of the red ginger - angkak extract. The combined extracts' antioxidant activity was less than the red ginger extract. The ginger chromatogram profile shows ten different spots, while angkak has three different spots
Identification of Strobilanthes crispa from Its Related Plant Using Thin-layer Chromatography Fingerprint Analysis
Full text linkStrobilanthes crispa known as keji beling in Indonesia, belong to the Acanthaceae family. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) fingerprint pattern analysis is an excellent technique for evaluating and controlling the quality of raw materials containing Strobilanthes crispa. TLC fingerprints can be used to analyze the fingerprint profiles of medicinal plants for identification, authentication, and discrimination from related plants. This study aimed to develop a TLC fingerprint analysis method to identify S. crispa for quality control. Eleven bands were effectively separated using a silica gel 60 F254 TLC plate with a mobile phase of dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and chloroform at 16:3.2:0.8. The derivatization reagent used to detect the separated bands was 10% sulfuric acid at a wavelength of 366 nm. Validation of the TLC fingerprint analysis, which evaluated the robustness, stability, specificity, and precision, met these requirements. S. crispa can be distinguished by its TLC fingerprint from sirih hutan (Piper aduncum), a related plant with similar leaf morphology. This approach could be used to identify and authenticate of S. crispa from P. aduncum
Total Phenolic, Total Flavonoid Contents and Biological Activities of Mentha Suaveolens subsp. timija Crude Extracts
Full text linkMentha suaveolens subsp. timija is an aromatic herb with a spearmint flavor that plays an important role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. It has various biological activities, including serving as a natural source of antioxidants and antibacterial agents. The main objective of the present study was to identify biologically active polyphenols and assess the antioxidant capacity of Mentha suaveolens subsp. timija leaves and stems using various organic solvents (hexane, ethanol, methanol) and distilled water for extraction. The antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS, DPPH, and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) free radical scavenging methods. Results revealed that the total flavonoid and phenolic content ranged from 0.3 to 14.47 mg QE/g and 0.3 to 10.86 mg QE/g, respectively, and from 1.47 to 35.34 mg GAE/g and 1.43 to 37.1 mg GAE/g for leaves and stems, respectively. The extracts exhibited significant antioxidant activity in ABTS, DPPH, and TAC assays, which increased with higher concentrations of polyphenol extracts (P ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, the plant extracts examined in this study displayed remarkable antibacterial activity, particularly against Gram-positive bacteria, with leaf extracts showing better antibacterial activity than stem extracts
Stability of Ethanol Extract Sunscreen Spray Gel Formula Kalakai Leaves (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm F.) Bedd)
Full text linkThere is evidence that an ethanol extract from the leaves of the kalakai tree (Stenochlaena palustris (Burm F.) Bedd.) may provide ultra-protective sun protection. The purpose of this study is to analyze the stability of a sunscreen spray gel composition that contains an ethanol extract of kalakai leaves. We used a rotary evaporator to concentrate the kalakai leaf ethanol extract until it was thick, after macerating the leaves in 70% ethanol solvent. A spray gel formulation containing EEKL was subsequently created, with EEKL concentrations of 5% (FI), 7.5% (FII), and 10% (FIII). The physical stability of the EEKL Spray gel formula was examined by six cycles of the cycling test technique in a climatic chamber with temperatures of 40°C ± 2°C and 4°C ± 2°C. Organoleptics, consistency, thickness, pH, adhesive spreading ability, and spray pattern are some of the tests that are conducted. Using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer set at 290-320 nm wavelength, the sunscreen test was conducted. A t-dependent test was used to examine the quantitative data on physical stability and sunscreen. No significant variations were seen throughout six storage cycles (p>0.05), indicating high physical stability, for the three EEKL Spray gel compositions (FI:5%, FII:7.5%, FIII: 10%). Formula III, which falls under the ultra protection category and had the highest average SPF value before and after the cycling test at 35.82 ± 0.50, exhibited no significant change (P>0.05) in the sunscreen activity during the six storage cycles, according to the results of the stability test of the EEKL Spray gel sunscreen activity in the three formulas
Cucumis melo L. ‘Gama Melon Parfum’ Extract: Volatile Compound Profile, Optimization, Preparation and Perfume Radar
Full text linkPerfume notes are a sophisticated blend of essential or fragrance oils that give perfumes a distinct scent. Melon notes are highly favored aromatic elements in perfumes. Melon (Cucumis melo L. ‘Gama Melon Parfum’), known by the local name Gama Melon Parfum (GMP), is a melon breed that has unique phenotypic characteristics: bitter taste, batik-like pattern, and fragrant aroma. GMP has a fresh and fruity melon character, typically used as a top note in the perfume pyramid concept. Our study aimed to develop a perfume derived from GMP volatile extract as a fragrance ingredient. The process included collection, identification, extraction, physicochemical characterization, volatile compound analysis, perfume optimization, preparation, and perfumery radar. GMP can serve as the top note in a perfume formulation. From the D-optimal mixture design, an ideal perfume formula could be created from a mixture of 0.95 mL GMP, 0.55 mL rose, and 0.50 mL vanilla. The composition was found to produce a perfume that met sensory standards: a transparent and uniform liquid without impurities. It also had a unique aromatic scent with a relative density of 0.8102 g/cm3 which fell within the specified range of 0.7000-1.200 g/cm3, viscosity of 0.7931 cps within the required range of 0.7830-1.4030 cps, and a hedonic level of 9.72 cm out of a maximum of 15.00 cm. The perfume radar showed fruity-floral-musk characteristics. Results from this research indicate that enhancing GMP as a fragrance ingredient enables the creation of an optimal perfume that meets the required standards, is well-received, and demonstrates an inclination toward femininity
Correlating Color and The Chemical Profiles of Sterculia quadrifida Barks for Herbal Raw Materials Quality
Full text linkThe traditional use of faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R. Br.) stem bark as an effective treatment for various diseases has led to its widespread cultivation and collection. Therefore, this study aims to determine the correlation between the intensity and color variation of faloak stem bark with its antioxidant activity and phytochemical content using chemometrics analysis. The study procedures were carried out by collecting samples from different locations in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Stem bark intensity and color variations were then associated with chemical profiles of extract produced. Chemical profiles analyzed were Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activity as measured using the DPPH, b-carotene bleaching, and CUPRAC methods. Subsequently, the data were subjected to multivariate statistical analyses utilizing Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Cluster Analysis (CA). The results showed that color variations on faloak stem bark had no significant impact on cluster formation. CA and PCA showed grouping according to gray value representing color intensity. Meanwhile, PCA revealed significant correlations between gray value of faloak stem bark extract and TPC, antioxidant activity, and extract yield, with TFC having no association. Based on these results, color detection system could be developed to facilitate S. quadrafida bark collection as herbal medicine raw materials in the field
Topical Application Type of Fish Oil Promotes Re-Epithelialization in Burn Wound Healing in Rats
Full text linkBurns are a condition that is often found in the world in various cases such as accidents. The incidence of burns will probably increase as human activities become more complex. Wounds that are not treated immediately tend to become infected and cause death. Fish oil is one of the ingredients that has been studied for wound healing. Previous research shows that fish oil is rich in long-chain omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid, which have anti-inflammatory effects. However, there has not been much research on the type of fish oil used and the wound healing process. The aim of this study was to determine the wound-healing activity of milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal.), patin (Pangasius djambal), and eel (Anguilla bicolor) fish oil. Tests were carried out on 25 mice as an experimental animal model for burn wounds. Data on percent wound reduction and the re-epithelialization process were statistically calculated using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post-hoc LSD test. The research results showed that milkfish oil, patin fish oil, and eel fish oil in a concentration of 10% on an ointment basis were able to reduce wounds significantly. Eel fish oil shows the greatest burn wound healing process with re-epithelialization when compared to other oils. The type of fish oil affects the wound healing process
Antibacterial and Antibiofilm of Cinnamomum burmanii Bark Oil (CbBO) against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603: In Vitro Study
Full text linkMany cases of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections are caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pn), an infectious disease bacterium. Hospital inpatients can be exposed to this occurrence; MDR has transformed 26.96% of infections at Klaten Hospital into highly infectious biofilms, while 54.49% of infections have produced biofilms. Approximately 80% of bacterial illnesses resistant to antibiotics are caused by biofilm-forming bacteria. To reduce biofilm formation, antibacterial compounds, one of which comes from natural products, are necessary. Renowned for its essential oil, Cinnamomum burmanii Bark Oil (CbBO) has been utilized extensively in herbal medicine to combat pathogenic bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Enterobacter spp., and Staphylococcus aureus. This study aims to evaluate CbBO’s antibacterial capabilities using the microdilution method and its antibiofilm properties against K. pneumoniae ATCC 700603 using the MTT test. A CbBO minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.25 mg/mL and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.125 mg/mL were employed for antibacterial activity. The antibiofilm potential was determined by measuring the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) at 0.5 mg/mL and the minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC) at 0.25 mg/mL. In conclusion, CbBO demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm qualities. However, a greater concentration of CbBO was required for antibiofilm formation than for antibacterial purposes
Nephroprotective and Hepatoprotective Effects of Turmeric in Diethylene Glycol Induced Toxicity in Rats
Full text linkIn 2022, children in Indonesia experienced acute renal failure due to antipyretic syrup contaminated with diethylene glycol (DEG). DEG is a known contaminant in pharmaceutical solvents that can induce inflammation and act as a free radical, leading to kidney and liver damage. Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) has been reported to have nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effects due to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of turmeric ethanol extract on rat kidneys and liver subjected to DEG toxicity. Rats were divided into five groups (n=5 per group): Group I served as the normal control, while Group II received DEG orally at 3 g/kg BW twice daily for three days. Groups III, IV, and V were treated with DEG (3 g/kg BW) along with turmeric ethanol extract at a doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg BW, respectively, administered orally twice daily for six days. After 14 days, all rats were sacrificed for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The results showed that rats treated with turmeric extract exhibited significantly significantly less kidney and liver damage (p<0.05). Kidney protection was evidenced by improvements in endothelial tissue, glomeruli, and tubules, while liver protection was indicated by reduced Kupffer cell activation, sinusoidal dilatation, hepatocyte degeneration, and necrosis. In conclusion, turmeric ethanol extract effectively protects against DEG-induced kidney and liver toxicity in rats
Combination of FTIR-based Fingerprinting and Chemometrics Analysis for Discrimination of Tithonia diversifolia Leaves Extracts and Correlation with α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity
Full text linkTithonia diversifolia, known as Mexican sunflower, has been widely used as an herbal medicine to treat diabetes. This study used FTIR fingerprint spectra combined with chemometrics to differentiate T. diversifolia leaves extracts with different extracting solvents and their correlation with the inhibition of α-glucosidase activity. T. diversifolia collected from two growing locations (West Bandung and Sleman, Indonesia) was extracted with absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and water using ultrasonication. The ethanol absolute extract yielded a higher IC50 than the 50% ethanol and water extract. The FTIR spectra of each extract had a different profile, implying that the composition and the concentration of the metabolite extracted were relatively distinct. Absorbance data from the FTIR spectra in the 4000–400 cm−1 range were used to group all extracts according to the extracting solvent using principal component analysis (PCA). Before PCA, the FTIR spectra were subjected to signal preprocessing using a standard normal variate. We found that all of the extracts could be distinguished based on the extracting solvents using principal components (PC) 1 and 2 with a cumulative percentage of approximately 87%. Partial least square regression (PLSR) was used to correlate the FTIR spectra and the inhibition of the α-glucosidase activity to obtain a functional group of a metabolite that contributed to inhibiting the α-glucosidase activity. From the PLSR, peaks from the wavenumbers at ~3300 cm−1, ~3000 cm−1, ~1650 cm−1, ~1350 cm−1, and ~1100 cm−1 corresponded to the O-H, CH3, CH2, C=C, and C-O, which were thought to be responsible for inhibiting the α-glucosidase. Therefore, these functional groups were owned by the metabolites in the T. diversifolia leaves extracts that contributed to the inhibition of α-glucosidase