Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology
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Soil quality index in some cropping systems in plot 17 of Wanagama forest, Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Full text linkThe Wanagama 1 Forest, owned by Universitas Gadjah Mada in Playen, is an educational and research forest that is home to different species of trees that are managed and treated differently. Finding the quality index values for different cropping strategies in plot 17 of Wanagama Educational Forest 1 was the aim of this study. The soil quality index was determined using three methods: simple addition, scoring and weighting, and summation. The results show that in plot 17 of the Wanagama forest, the highest soil quality index values were found for ebony species and the lowest soil quality index values were found for mahogany and Eucalyptus species. The results showed that all land uses with different types of forest plants had lower soil quality indices. The stepwise analysis results showed that porosity, organic C, cation exchange capacity (CEC), P availability, K availability, and C biomass influenced the soil quality index. Measuring soil quality can help you learn more about soil properties and how to improve it through effective management
Utilization of cattle manure and potassium fertilizer on soil potassium availability and yield of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) in rainfed rice
Full text linkCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp), a botanical protein source, exhibits resilience in the face of drought-induced stress on rainfed rice fields, especially in dry season crop patterns. Cowpea growth depends on the availability of nutrients in the soil, including potassium (K). In fact, low K availability (exchangeable K is ≤ 0.04 cmol(+) kg-1) is one of the obstacles in rainfed rice fields, especially in increasing crop yields, including cowpea. Therefore, K supplies from various sources are needed to improve soil and cowpea productivity, such as K fertilizer and manure. This study was carried out to determine the response of nutrient management to increase cowpeas’ yield and exchangeable potassium on rainfed rice fields. The field experiment used a randomized block design, with six replications and six fertilizer management treatments, specifically to control composted cattle manure (CCM), Nitrogen Phosphate Fertilizer (NP), CCM+NP, NPK Fertilizer, and CCM+NPK. The parameters observed include plant height, yield components, seed yield, and exchangeable K. Fertilizer management affects the cowpea yield, yield components, K-Uptake, and exchangeable potassium, with the best treatment depicted as CCM+NPK treatment. Compared to the control, CCM by itself and in combination with inorganic fertilizer increases the kernel yield of cowpea by as much as 54-104%, K uptake as much as 40.9-68.2 kg K/ha, and exchangeable K in soil ranging from 37.8-101.3%. It is indicated that the CCM could supply nutrients, including potassium, to overcome potassium deficiency in rainfed rice fields. Furthermore, applying CCM and cultivating cowpeas in rainfed rice fields during the dry season, with water as a limiting factor, is an appropriate option to enlarge the plant yield
The concept of bio-economic mulching in droughty tropical agroecosystems and its trans-season effects on soil hydro-thermal regime and okra performance
Full text linkMulching is an effective soil-water conservation technique in high-evaporative-demand tropical climates. Because of the drawbacks in bulk application of organic mulches, we introduce the concept of bio-economic mulching (BEM), a one-time low-rate application of organic mulch to improve soil productivity while sustaining economic viability. The study evaluated the effects of BEM (dry-grass mulching at 0, 2, 4, and 6 t ha–1) on soil hydrothermal properties of sandy-loam Ultisols using okra growth during 4–9 weeks after sowing in successive rainy-to-dry/partially rainfed season (PRS) and rainy/completely rainfed season (CRS). During the PRS, soil volumetric moisture content (q) increased (10.02%–25.50%), but soil temperature decreased (37.67–26.67°C) as BEM rate increased. A similar q trend (8.71%–18.37%) occurred during the CRS. Soil thermal conductivity (0.78to 4.88 W m–1 K–1), thermal diffusivity (3.95 × 10–7 to 35.97 × 10–7 m2 s–1), and heat flux (15.00 to 85.56 W m–2) generally decreased as q increased with BEM application rate particularly during the PRS; the reverse prevailed for volumetric heat capacity (1.33 × 106 to 2.25 × 106 J m–3 K–1). Okra plant height differed (BEM-6 > BEM-4 > BEM-2/BEM-0) in the PRS, but BEM-6 and BEM-4 gave the tallest and shortest plants, respectively in the CRS. Fruit yield was 1.8- and 9.5-fold higher in BEM-6 than BEM-4 in PRS and CRS, respectively. Mulch treatment-induced temporal variations in soil q influenced okra performance indices of plant height (r2 = 0.85) and total fresh fruit yield (r2 = 0.69). In droughty tropical environments, BEM implementation at 6 t ha−1 could engender soil hydrothermal regime favoring vegetable production beyond the ‘drier’ first season and even more pronouncedly in the second season
Enhancing peppermint growth: Investigating the interplay of Biochar and Nitrogen levels
Full text linkPeppermint (Mentha piperita) is valued for its medicinal properties and applications in the food and health industries. However, optimizing growth conditions to enhance yield and quality remains challenging. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of nitrogen and biochar on peppermint growth, elemental content, and biochemical composition, using a factorial experiment with a randomized block design and four-pot replications during the 2022-2023 crop year. Biochar levels up to 2% by weight increased plant height by 25%, chlorophyll index by 20%, leaf count by 18%, and dry weights of shoots and roots by 15%, but declined beyond this threshold. Nitrogen levels up to 75 mg per gram of soil increased plant height by 33.8%, chlorophyll index by 30%, and dry weights of aerial organs by 28%. Elemental concentrations in aerial organs peaked at 3% biochar, increasing potassium by 22%, phosphorus by 18%, and calcium by 15%, while zinc and copper decreased by 10% and 12%, respectively. Anthocyanin, flavonoid, and total phenol concentrations decreased by 20%, 30%, and 35% respectively with increasing biochar and nitrogen levels. Applying up to 2% biochar by weight optimizes peppermint yield. Nitrogen mitigates adverse effects of high biochar levels, with 50 mg nitrogen recommended at 2% biochar for optimal yield. These findings offer sustainable agricultural practices to improve crop productivity in nutrient-deficient soils and promote environmentally friendly agricultural practices
Soil fertility based on mineralogical properties to support sustainable agriculture management
Full text linkDetailed information on soil mineral composition has been crucial in providing the basis for designing sustainable agricultural practices, as this information offers long-term insights into natural soil fertility. This research aimed to further investigate the characteristics of soil mineral composition as a basis for managing soil fertility. Three soil profiles representing three different parent materials have been examined in the field, and soil samples have been collected for laboratory analysis. Profile 1 originates from the Raung Volcano Rock Formation (Qhvr). Profile 2 originates from the Sukamade Formation (Toms). Profile 3 originates from Puger Formation (Tmp). The presence of Mount Raung volcanic influence results in distinct soil characteristics in Profiles 2 and 3 compared to typical sedimentary and karst rock soils. The sand fraction minerals in all three profiles are predominantly composed of opaque minerals, followed by rock fragments, ferromagnesian mineral series (olivine, augite, hypersthene, and hornblende), plagioclase minerals (anorthite, biotite, and labradorite), iron concretions, epidote, and tourmaline. The clay fraction minerals in all three profiles consist of illite, kaolinite, and quartz. The minerals illite and ferromagnesian groups in all three profiles play a significant role in increasing the availability of potassium, calcium, and magnesium nutrients, thereby reducing the need for fertilizers for these elements. The soils in all three profiles naturally possess good fertility; however, designing a sustainable agricultural system requires consideration of the morphology, landform, and climate of all three profiles
Identification and characterization of peat soils using a physiographic approach at semi-detailed scale: a case study in Bangka Belitung Islands Province, Indonesia
Full text linkUnderstanding peatland coverage and characteristics is essential for improved utilization and conservation efforts. Peatlands in Bangka Belitung Islands, Sumatra, are under threat of illegal mining activities. Creating detailed maps is challenging in Indonesia amid low accessibility, yet the physiographic approach provides an alternative strategy in peatland map provision. This research aims to update peat data in the Bangka Belitung Islands Province, create peat soil maps at a scale of 1:50,000, and estimate peat soil carbon stocks. This research started with a base map using a 1:50,000 scale, surveyed and sampled the soil on transects perpendicular to the river, analyzed the samples in the laboratory, and created a peat soil map. Compared with the existing map, the new map improves land unit attributes and peat characteristics as well as improves delineation results. Results show that peat soils cover 24,311 hectares, mostly distributed in Central Bangka and South Bangka Regencies, with depths varying between 50 to < 300 cm. Shallow peats dominate with an area of 13,668 hectares (56.22%). The estimated carbon stock contained in peat is 11.6 million tons C. The peat soils are Organosol Saprik, Organosol Hemik, and Organosol Sulfidik. The soils are acidic with low exchangeable cations and base saturation. The study highlights that deep peat soils under bushes and shrubs should be conserved for forests or reforested. Detailed spatial information on peatlands is useful for policymakers related to local peat soils planning and management
Effect of Iron (Fe) heavy metal content at different pH on the germination of seven soybean varieties in Indonesia
Full text linkGreater use of acid soil has expanded the area under cultivation for soybeans; however, acid soil is associated with heavy mineral toxicity, including Iron (Fe). This investigation looked at how well soybean seeds germinated in media containing heavy metal Fe and how the pH of the media affected the viability of soybean seeds. This research was conducted at the Seed and Plant Breeding Laboratory at the University of Lampung, Indonesia. The experimental design was a randomized block design. The first factor was seven soybean local varieties – Grobogan, Anjasmoro, Derap 1, Detap 1, Dena 1, Deja 1, and Dega 1 – and the second factor was heavy metal Fe solution pH of 6–7 and 4.5 and without heavy metal Fe (control). Seed viability in heavy metal Fe medium was assessed using radicle emergence, germination capacity or percentage, germination speed, number of normal seedlings, normal seedling hypocotyl length, main root length of regular seedlings, and normal shoot dry weight. This research found that heavy metal Fe affected soybeans’ seeds’ viability in pH 6–7 and 4.5. The observed data showed that all seeds’ viability variables in media with heavy metal Fe, both in pH 6–7 and in pH 4.5, differ from the control media. The seed viability in media heavy metal Fe pH 6–7 was not significantly different from the control media, but in pH 4.5, the difference is significant. Soybean varieties’ characteristics also influence how heavy metal Fe in different pH affects seed viability. Overall, Anjasmoro, Deja, Grobogan, and Dega were the types that consistently demonstrated resistance or adaptation to heavy metal Fe existence, while Dena, Derap, and Detap are susceptible to heavy metal Fe existence. Seed viability in Iron medium is not always related to seed physical performance; therefore, before planting soybean in acid soil, it is recommended to conduct a seed viability test
Spatial distribution of status silicon availability for plant and its effect to rice yield
Full text linkSilicon (Si) is a beneficial element for rice plants. However, evaluating the Si availability status of paddy soil is rarely done. This study aimed to investigate the Si availability for plant (SiAP), spatial distribution, SiAP correlations with some soil properties and the effect of SiAP status on the rice yield. This study used a survey method to collect paddy soil and water sample. The pot experiment method was used to evaluate paddy plant response to SiAP level. Based on K-means, cluster analysis showed that soil SiAP was categorized low (< 147 mg SiO2 kg-1), moderate (147 – 224 mg SiO2 kg-1) and high (> 224 mg SiO2 kg-1). The SiAP status of the paddy soil area of 26,395 hectares (25%), 61,744 hectares (59%) and 15,952 hectares (15%) was categorized as low, moderate and high, respectively. This present study revealed that the upland area paddy soil has higher SiAP than the lowland area. Total silicon dioxide (SiO2) and clay percentage were negatively correlated with the SiAP in soils. Silicon addition to the paddy soil with SiAP status showed low to high increase in rice yield by 0.2%, 3.9% and 2.7%
The role of red mud and cow manure for sustainable post-gold mining land rehabilitation
Full text linkThe detrimental ecological impact of unauthorized gold mining in Indonesia is significantly profound, notably apparent in the nutrient-deficient, sandy soils with low pH resulting from the process. These conditions contribute to considerable land productivity decline, especially in West Kalimantan. In response to this challenge, the current study proposes an inventive approach for soil reclamation using red mud residue, derived from bauxite ore extraction, and cow manure as restorative elements. This research delves into a novel soil restoration technique that employs red mud waste (a residual from ore refinement) in conjunction with cow manure as ameliorative agents. A distinct amalgamation of 0.2 kg of red mud and 3 kg of cow manure (T2R3) showcased superior results. The incorporation of this blend resulted in a significant increase in soil pH by 0.93 units, an increase in macronutrient content ranging from 82.84%-503.07%, and plant growth (plant height and stem diameter) increased between 32.85%-54.31% in the treatment with 0.2 kg of red mud and 3 kg of cow manure (T2R3) compared to the lower treatment of 0.1 kg of red mud and 1 kg of cow manure (T1R1). These changes were evident, indicating improved soil fertility and the potential for increased crop yiel
Compost of peanuts residue and rice straw compost on soil Nitrogen forms and upland rice yield
Full text linkThis study provides an innovation in making compost from rice straw (low quality) mixed with peanut residue (high quality) to improve the quality of rice straw compost. The purpose of this research was to discover the optimum composition of a mixture of peanut residue and straw for mineralization, absorption, and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) and its effect on upland rice plants. The study was conducted in three stages. The first stage determined the quality of five compost mixtures: C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5. The second phase of testing for cumulative N minerals was performed after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks of incubation. The third stage examined the impact of the compost mixture on the growth and yield of upland rice in comparison with two treatments, namely the control and NPK fertilizer. The results showed a similarity in the forms of mineralization, where the cumulative N mineral increased with the addition of peanut residue to the compost mixture. The use of a mixture of peanut residue and rice straw compost increased net mineralization by 37.27% (C5) to 59.48% (C1), N uptake by 49.19% (C5) to 62.95% (C3), and NUE by 15.04% (C4) to 51.48% (C3). A strong relationship was detected between the quality of the compost and the forms of N in the soil, particularly the nitrate content, total N minerals, and N microbial biomass, with correlation coefficients of 0.92, 0.88, and 0.94, respectively. A strong to very strong relationship was detected between N form and N uptake (r = 0.84), plant height (r = 0.79), number of tillers (r = 0.78), yield of rice plants (r = 0.93 (plant total dry weight), and r = 0.76 (grain weight). The optimum N uptake, NUE, and yield of upland rice were shown by C3 treatment of 405.28 mg pot-1, 42.21%, and 6.19 tons ha-1, respectively