Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology
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Soil quality status under Hazton’s paddy farming: A case study in Banyumas Regency, Indonesia
Full text linkSoil quality is the ability of the soil to perform its function, such as providing nourishment to the plants. However, intensive paddy farming, such as Hazton’s paddy farming method, is suspected to deteriorate soil quality status and degrade land sustainability. This study aimed to analyze soil quality under Hazton’s paddy farming. This study was conducted on paddy fields in Banyumas Regency using a randomized block design with treatment consisting of 1) conventional method as a control, 2) Hazton’s method + organic fertilizer, 3) Hazton’s method + organic fertilizer + decomposer, and 4) Hazton’s method + organic fertilizer + decomposer + leaf fertilizer. Soil quality was determined according to a minimum data set (MDS) that consisted of organic C, pH, total N, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), base saturation (BS), cation exchange capacity (CEC), bacterial density, soil respiration, and C/N ratio. The MDS was scored and calculated using the soil quality index formula and then classified from very low to very high (<0.19-1). This study highlighted that the soil quality in paddy farm using Hazton’s method in Banyumas Regency ranged from low (0.444) to very low (0.308). The application of organic fertilizer is not sufficient enough to refill the nutrient pool equal to harvested plant biomass. This leads to soil quality deterioration and affects land sustainability. Therefore, yield and biomass production should be included as soil quality indicators in future studies. Additionally, further soil degradation can be avoided by continuously assessing soil quality and the necessary conservation measures for preventing and minimizing further land degradation can be applied
Consequences of the catastrophic wildfire in 2020 for the soil cover of the Utrish State Nature Reserve
Full text linkPresent work aimed to assess the impact of pyrogenic effect on the flora, and quality and health of soils of the Utrish Reserve. Studies performed on the territory of reserve within a month after the fire revealed that the areas showed varying degrees of damaged characteristics due to catastrophic fire. The entire damage was recorded in a 40-hectare region, while the vegetation on another 26 hectares of the reserve was damaged to a lesser extent. In total, 4,800 trees were eliminated, 73% of them belonged to rare and endangered species, such as Junipers (Juniperus spp.), Mt. Atlas mastic trees (Pistacia mutica), and Pitsunda pines (Pinus brutia var. pityusa). In the areas of severe disturbance, the soil surface was covered with a constant layer of ash two weeks after the fire. As a result, there was an increase in the pH values, and the chemical composition of brown soil (Cambisol) was determined after the fire. There was also an increase in the organic carbon content and peroxidase activity. Catalase activity, which is sensitive to pyrogenic effects, decreased in all soil samples obtained at post-pyrogenic areas. The effect of fire on the biological state of soils may diminish over time, however, the restoration of the damaged ecosystems may take hundreds of years. The results of this study can be used in assessing the damage to ecosystems after the wildfires, as well as in developing methods to accelerate the restoration of soils after a fire impact
Characteristics of inceptisol ameliorated with rice husk biochar to glyphosate adsorption
Full text linkAs an ameliorant, rice husk biochar (RHB) can improve soil quality and long-term carbon absorption and interaction with glyphosate during adsorption. This study investigated the ability of Inceptisol ameliorated with RHB to absorb glyphosate. Inceptisol ameliorated with 40-t ha-1 RHB increased the soil surface charge (ΔpH) by improving soil pH H2O, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, and soil organic matter. Linear and nonlinear models showed that fitting Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms is suitable for this study. The isotherm adsorption of glyphosate sequentially occurs in the Freundlich and Langmuir models (Inceptisol + 40-t ha-1 RHB > Inceptisol), where the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.938) is dominated by glyphosate adsorption on Inceptisol + 40-t ha-1 RHB with n of 0.46 and KF of 1.747 mg kg-1, whereas the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.8608) with Qm of 30.01 mg kg-1 and KL of 0.08 L mg-1 at a concentration level of 100 ppm and pH of the glyphosate solution 5.20 units. The glyphosate adsorption was also supported by changes in functional groups, where Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows a decrease in transmittance in the O-H; C=C; C-O; C-H, and mineral groups, indicating an increase in the adsorption capacity in Inceptisol ameliorated with 40-t ha-1 RHB. This study indicated that the physicochemical properties of Inceptisol are important in controlling the glyphosate adsorption ability of RHB in soils
Effect of water deficit of Ultisols, Entisols, Spodosols, and Histosols on oil palm productivity in Central Kalimantan
Full text linkThe same rainfall can cause different degrees of water stress depending on soil type, so the production response shown by plants can be different. This study is essential for growers, especially in predicting oil palm production based on water deficit for each soil type. The study was conducted on oil palm plantations in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia, with four soil types in 1,446.15 ha (40 blocks). The source of data collected from oil palm plantations included bunch number, average bunch weight, rainfall, and soil physical and chemical properties for the last 15 years (2007 - 2021). This experimental study used a two-stage cluster sampling method. The results showed that the best productivity, bunch number, and average bunch weight were found on Ultisols. The four soil types tested showed the same annual production distribution dynamic, but the response rate from each soil type showed differences. Entisols and Spodosols were more prone to drought stress due to water deficit than Ultisols and Histosols because of the differences in soil texture. Water deficit causes a decrease in oil palm productivity by 5 - 22% in the first year (Ultisols 12 - 22%; Entisols 12 - 22%; Spodosols 7 - 19%; Histosols 5 - 15%) and 1 - 8% in the second year (Ultisols 3 - 7%; Entisols 2 - 4%; Spodosols 5 - 8%; Histosols 1 - 5%) compared to previous years production. A decrease in oil palm productivity occurs at 3 - 5 months (bunch failure phase), 1 year (abortion sensitive phase), and 2 - 2.5 years (sex differentiation phase) after a water deficit appears
Estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emission from a rice field in Central Java, Indonesia, based on the DeNitrification DeComposition model
Full text linkIndonesia is the world’s third largest rice producer, with most rice being cultivated (estimated 3.1 million ha) in Central Java. However, one of the environmental challenges in producing rice is greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from rice fields. Therefore, understanding the GHG emissions (methane and nitrous oxide) from the rice farming system is important for better management practices. The objective of this study is to estimate the GHG emissions supported by a satellite database, namely, the DeNitrification DeComposition (DNDC) model, at three regencies at Central Java, Indonesia, Cilacap, Karanganyar, and Pati, as well as the factors determining the emissions. The DNDC model was obtained from https://www.dndc.sr.unh.edu, which consists of three main submodels that worked together in simulating N2O and N2 emissions: (1) the soil-climate/thermal-hydraulic flux submodel, (2) the decomposition submodel, and (3) the denitrification submodel. The results showed that the N2O emissions from rice farming in Karanganyar, Cilacap, and Pati were 19.0, 18.8, and 12.8 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively, while they were 213.7, 270.6, and 360.6 kg C ha−1 yr−1 for CH4 emissions, respectively. Consecutive dry or high precipitation, which resulted in cumulative depleted or elevated soil moisture, respectively, along with warmer temperature likely promoted higher methane and nitrous oxide. Experimental fields for validating the model in accordance with various agricultural practices are suggested for further study. Overall, the DNDC model has successfully estimated the CH4 and N2O emissions in Central Java when incorporated with various secondary climatic and land management big data resources
Comparative performance of multiple linear regression and artificial neural network models in estimating solute-transport parameters
Full text linkIndirect estimate of solute-transport parameters through pedo-transfer functions (PTFs) is becoming important due to expensive and time-consuming direct measurement of the parameters for a large number of soils and solutes. This study evaluated the relative performance of PTFs of multiple linear regression (MLR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models in predicting velocity (V), dispersion coefficient (D) and retardation factor (R) of CaCl2, NaAsO2, Cd(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2 and C9H9N3O2 (carbendazim) in five agricultural soils. V, D and R of the solutes were determined in repacked soil columns under steady-state unsaturated water flow conditions. Textural class, particle size distribution, bulk density, organic carbon, relative pH, clay%, grain size, and uniformity coefficient of the soils were determined. MLR and ANN models were calibrated with the measured data of four soils and verified for another soil. Root-Mean Square Error (RMSE) is significantly smaller (0.015) and modelling efficiency (EF) is significantly larger (0.999) for ANN model than those (0.096 and 0.954, respectively) for MLR model. Negative Mean Absolute Error (MAE) (-0.0002) of MLR model indicates overestimation, while positive MAE (0.00003) of ANN model indicates minimal underestimation. The ANN model is less biased than the MLR model during prediction. Thus, the ANN model can significantly enhance pollution transport prediction through soils with good accuracy
Distribution of nickel (Ni) in peatland situated alongside mineral soil derived from ultrabasic rocks
Full text linkDetailed studies of Ni distribution in peat that is influenced by Ni-rich soil derived from ultrabasic rocks are still limited. The objective of this study was to reveal the characteristics of Ni in peat from Morowali (Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia) at several depths and distances from the boundary of the ultrabasic mineral soil. Peat was sampled from depths of 0–30, 30–60, and 60–90 cm at distances of 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 m from the border of the ultrabasic mineral soil in March 2018. Ni characteristics were examined through their total, exchangeable, water-soluble, and adsorbed distributions. The relationships between Ni and some peat chemical properties such as pH; cation exchange capacity; macronutrient contents of K, Ca, and Mg; and micronutrient contents of Fe, Cu and Zn were also observed. The high Ni content in peat at the study transect is caused by an accumulation of Ni transported from elevated areas of mineral soil. Most Ni in peat is bonded to the soil organic exchange complexes. Accumulation of the mineral soil fraction in the peat surface is indicated at distances of 100–400 meters from the ultrabasic mineral soil. Ni distribution in peat at the study transect is mainly governed by a combination of Fe, pH, organic material, water content, peat depth, and distance from ultrabasic mineral soil
Application of litters to inhibit nitrification in Vertisols on sweet corn (Zea mays S.)
Full text linkNitrification, or the process of oxidation of ammonium to nitrate in the soil, needs to be inhibited because it reduces the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers. Vertisols have 2:1 minerals and have high negative charge, so ammonium is more absorbed by soil particles, whereas nitrate is free to move in the soil and diffuses into the plant tissue or is leached with gravity water. This study aimed to determine the litter treatment that can inhibit the nitrification process in Vertisols on sweet corn plants. This research was conducted in June until November 2019 in the Plastic House of Plesungan, Gondangrejo, Karanganyar, Indonesia. This study used a basic completely randomized design with a single factor (litter type) as an immobilizer. The types of litter used in this study were Gliricidia maculata, Albizia falcataria, Senna siamea, and Tithonia diversifolia. The parameters observed were ammonium content, nitrification potential, average nitrate content, actual nitrification, plant height, number of leaves, and dry crown plant. Tithonia diversifolia gave the highest actual nitrification of 23.26%. Senna siamea has the lowest actual nitrification of 12.36%, followed by Gliricidia maculata with 17.39% and Albizia falcataria with 17.67%. This shows that the Tithonia diversifolia litter has the highest value in inhibiting nitrification. Maize plants treated with the Tithonia diversifolia litter had the best plant growth compared to those applied with other treatments. Therefore, among the treatments used, the Tithonia diversifolia litter was most optimal in inhibiting nitrification in Vertisols
Conservation and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris) and terrace systems in different slope classes
Full text linkThe utilization of steep lands by planting forestry and agricultural species can provide benefits from soil-water conservation and economic aspects. The combination of planting Neolamarckia cadamba-Phaseolus vulgaris and terrace systems can increase land use values, such as soil conservation, crop production, and farmers’ income. The aim of this study was to analyze silvicultural, hydro-orological, and economic aspects of a combination of forestry-agricultural crops (N. cadamba – P. vulgaris) and terrace systems on two slope classes. Two study plots were established on a steep gradient (25–40%) and a very steep gradient (>40%). The results showed an annual increase in the average diameter and height of N. cadamba of 1.78 cm and 1.84 m, respectively on the steep slope, and 1.68 cm and 1.53 m, respectively on the very steep slope. The surface run off and erosion rate were lower on the steep ground compared to the very steep ground. Erosion hazard indices and levels on the plots in the steep slope and very steep slope were categorized as low and very low; meanwhile the erosion hazard class was I. The profit of P. vulgaris cultivation was IDR 9,360,000.00 ha–1 per cropping season on steep slope and IDR 6,480,000.00 ha–1 per cropping season on very steep slope. The planting of P. vulgaris as an intercropping plant to fill empty land in between N. cadamba can increase the economic value obtained from selling P. vulgaris in the short term until the leaves of the N. cadamba plant are linked. The combination of planting N. cadamba–P. vulgaris and terrace system on steep slopes is therefore more profitable not only from the economic perspective, but also in lowering runoff and potential erosion rates than on very steep lands
Effects of rice husk biochar and raised bed on CO2 flux and shallot (Allium cepa L.) production on peatland
Full text linkThis study aims to assess the effect of rice husk biochar, raised beds, and chicken manure on the CO2 flux and shallot production on peatland. This study adopted a factorial randomized block design with three factors and three replications. The P1 treatment was recommended by the Swamp Land Agricultural Research Institute by adding chicken manure (5 ton ha−1) and rice husk biochar (5 ton ha−1) while the P2 treatment was recommended by the Vegetable Research Institute by adding chicken manure (10 ton ha−1). The raised beds heights were 20 cm (A) and 30 cm (B). Variance analyses were applied to each observation variable and followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The P1A treatment was the best in improving the shallot production up to 10.88 tons and producing the lowest CO2 cumulative flux up to 0.158 ton ha-1 season-1