Sains Tanah - Journal of Soil Science and Agroclimatology
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The culture inoculation method could influence heavy metals levels in soil, plant uptake, and biomass: a meta-analysis
Full text linkHeavy metals (HMS) contamination in soil is a major issue that significantly impacts plants and human health. Various approaches have been employed to mitigate the effects of heavy metals, including the application of microorganisms (MO). This study aims to analyze the impact of bioinoculation application on HMS content in plants and soil through a meta-analysis approach. Twenty-nine publications reviewed between 2001 and 2023 reported the effects of microorganism applications on HMS content in plants and soil. A systematic review was applied to select relevant studies, and effect sizes (ES) were calculated using Hedges’d to quantify the impact of microbial treatments on heavy metal content. The parameters observed were As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn, and Fe in plants (shoots, roots, fruit, and total plants), soil, and plant biomass. The ES values of Hedges’ microorganisms HMS on soil, plants, and plant biomass were -3.257 (p<0.001), 1.234 (p<0.001), and 2.301 (p<0.001), respectively. The results showed that the greatest reduction in HMS content in the soil was the combined application of fungi and bacteria (ES -5.519; p<0.001), and the highest metal content absorbed by the soil and plants was Cu (ES -13.642; p<0.001) and Pb (2.645; p<0.001), respectively. This study showed that Orychophragmus violaceus had the highest metal absorption rate (ES 15.528, p<0.001) to help clean up heavy metal contamination, especially in agricultural land and industrial areas. This approach can improve soil quality, enhance plant growth, and reduce health risks, which benefits farmers, policymakers, and environmental agencies
Vermicomposting for climate change mitigation and sustainable soil health: Organic waste management, nitrogen use efficiency, and ecosystem services
Full text linkEnvironmental and agricultural systems are under constant threat from the ever-increasing amounts of eco-agricultural waste, which is the primary focus of this review. By utilizing scientific and environmentally friendly techniques to reuse and recycle organic waste, proper management can help reduce waste. This analysis assessed the potential of earthworm species in agriculture and the role of vermicompost in the long-term recycling of crop nutrients, specifically nitrogen (N) recovery, which is at 76%. Sustainable organic farming relies on a scientific understanding of organic material management and nitrogen use efficiency through the application of vermicompost. The emphasis is on reusing and recovering nutrients from vermicompost at carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of 10 - 23, which reduces emissions of reactive nitrogen gases, achieves soil fertility, and allows the application of fertilizers made from sustainable sources. Vermicompost improves the soil’s properties and mitigates the adverse effects of global warming. Based on literature reviews and numerous trials, a proposal has been put forth to emphasize the importance of vermicomposting technology in agroecosystems. Reducing pollution, improving waste management, and lowering health hazards are all significant issues that could play an important role. In conclusion, vermicompost is a win-win technology for sustaining today’s agricultural system. It enhances soil properties, increases land productivity, and reduces greenhouse gas emissions by decreasing chemical fertilizers
Nitrogen biotransformation: its ecological control and risk assessment in soil
Full text linkThe Haber-Bosch (H-B) process, which enables the industrial production of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, fundamentally changed food production. This process is crucial for synthesizing nitrogen-based fertilizers, which are essential for boosting crop yields and supporting the world's growing population. Monoculture farming, particularly when combined with high nitrogen input, poses significant environmental risks. It leads to soil degradation, increased vulnerability to pests and diseases, and water pollution. Reliance on synthetic fertilizers to offset nutrient depletion further worsens these problems. The question explores whether current analytical methods adequately identify and evaluate the side effects of urease (UI), nitrification (NI), and denitrification (DI) inhibitors used in nitrogen management strategies for high-yield monoculture farming. While inhibitors are designed to improve nitrogen use efficiency and reduce losses, their effectiveness must be weighed against their unintended consequences, necessitating the development of more comprehensive and holistic analytical approaches that better balance productivity and environmental protection. This research focuses on how different nitrogen fertilizer strategies, along with pesticide use, affect non-target organisms in ecosystems. It specifically examines the impacts of urea, nitrate manipulation, and stabilized nitrogen fertilizers like urease inhibitors (UI), nitrification inhibitors (NI), and dual inhibitors (DI) on ecological balance. The study also examines the broader environmental implications of these practices, including nitrogen loss and greenhouse gas emissions. It highlights how these agrochemicals can affect wild plants, pollinators, and other non-target species, potentially disrupting ecosystem functions
Soil organic carbon and hydraulic properties in response to poultry manure and inorganic fertilizers in two tropical agro-ecologies
Full text linkThe response of soil structure to nutrient management may vary across environments. Poultry manure (PM) and/or inorganic fertilizers (IF) effects on soil pH, organic carbon (SOC), and hydraulic properties were assessed in derived savannah sandy-clay-loam Ultisols and rainforest sandy-loam Alfisols of Nigeria during 2013-2015. The Ultisols were inherently lower in soil pH and SOC than the Alfisols. Three PM rates (0, 5, and 10 t ha–1), each with four NPK/Urea-based IF levels (0, 50, 100, and 150%), were applied in 2013 and 2014 but not in 2015. At crop (maize) maturity, treatment affected the Ultisols more distinctly than the Alfisols. Regardless of IF level, PM10 and PM5 resulted in optimal soil pH (Ultisols) and hydraulic properties (Alfisols), respectively. Treatment PM10+IF50 produced overall optimal effects in 2014 and 2015, being among the highest for SOC in the Ultisols (13.30 and 10.23 g kg–1, respectively) and Alfisols (16.10 and 11.60 g kg–1, respectively). Its substitutes for soil pH and hydraulic properties were PM10+IF0 (Ultisols) and PM5+IF0 (Alfisols). Unlike most PM-based treatments, sole IFs, especially PM0+IF150, had pronounced soil-acidifying effects in the Ultisols. The SOC and permeability depended almost entirely on PM across IF levels. Soil pH and SOC were positively correlated with total porosity (Ultisols) and permeability (both soils), with r = 0.60-0.93 (Ultisols) and 0.42-0.66 (Alfisols). Effective PM+IF may not always outperform PM regarding soil pH/SOC, whose influence on soil hydraulic properties can be location-specific. This calls for pre-adoption validation of promising PM+IF options in new tropical agro-environments
Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, Fourier-transform infrared, and scanning-electron-microscope analysis of biochar from marine organic waste
Full text linkBrunauer Emmet Teller (BET), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) study are important methods for characterizing biochar produced from marine organic waste. Each technique provides insights into the physical and chemical structure of biochar, which are essential for understanding its properties and potential as a soil amendment. The purpose of characterizing biochar from marine organic waste by BET method is to specify the superficies point, pore size, and total pore volume of the biochar, FTIR to identify the characterization of organic compounds, and SEM to understand the microstructure of the biochar. BET test results indicate that biochar from marine organic waste has a superficies point of 6.213m²g-1, a pore size of 21.690Å, and Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) adsorption and desorption pore volumes of 0.040cc g-1 and 0.035cc g-1, respectively. This biochar demonstrates a higher adsorption capacity. FTIR tests reveal that the functional groups and chemical content of the biochar from marine organic waste include six types of vibrations with different wavenumbers and % transmittance values. SEM analysis at various magnifications shows that the biochar from marine organic waste (MOW) has a complex pore structure. The characterization of biochar derived from MOW illustrates its potential as a cost-effective soil amendment and environmental remediation material. Its microstructure suggests long-term stability in soil, supporting carbon sequestration and improved soil health
Effect of biochar on microbial population in heavy metal contaminated soil for 23 years
Full text linkSoil microbial populations and activities have been repeatedly reported to be severely affected by high concentrations of heavy metals. However, little of this information comes from tropical soil. The fungal and bacterial populations in tropical soils contaminated with heavy metals were observed in a laboratory study. Soils that have been amended once with different rates of heavy-metal-containing waste (0-60 Mg ha-1) in 1998 (23 years ago) were used in this study. We then treated the contaminated soils with different rates of biochar (0-10 Mg ha-1). Biochar is known to significantly reduce heavy metal contaminants through various immobilization reactions. The soil-biochar mixtures were allowed to equilibrate at the soil field water capacity, maintained by a common water reservoir beneath the soil-biochar mixtures, for 4 weeks. After this period, the soil fungal and bacterial populations were counted. The results of the present study showed that high soil levels of Cu and Zn significantly enhanced the fungal population. In contrast, the bacterial population was not affected by the presence of Cu and Zn. In the highly contaminated pots, the addition of biochar significantly enhanced the population of soil fungi (identified as Aspergillus sp.), but it did not affect the population of bacteria. The results of the study suggest that biochar application led to significant enhancement of the population of Aspergillus sp. in pots with high soil Cu and Zn levels, most likely through improved habitat conditions provided by biochar’s porous structure, which could be leveraged in bioremediation efforts for heavy metal-contaminated soils
Identification of sowing window and sown area of maize and sorghum in rice fallows using multi-source satellite remote sensing
Full text linkIdentifying the start of sowing in rice fallows is challenging due to its typical low land agro-ecosystem. Tracking the spatio-temporal shifts that take place during the transition from a wet to dry ecosystem, identifying crops, assessing their extent, and identifying optimal planting periods are vital information for researchers and planners. This study aimed at determining the crop sown area and sowing window of maize and sorghum crops planted in rice fallows during the Rabi 2020-2021 season in the Krishna Western delta of Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh. Optical cloud-free satellite images of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 were downloaded and using band ratios NDVI and NDWI was derived. A Threshold based algorithm was developed to detect the crop sowing window. The total area sown was determined using the SVM algorithm. The threshold-based algorithm is well-suited for identifying the sowing windows. The sowing window in the second fortnight of January had the largest area for both crops compared to other sowing windows. The detected sowing windows exhibited a deviation of up to two satellite acquisition intervals. The estimated area using SVM algorithm for maize and sorghum was 29,518 ha and 65,417 ha, respectively. The threshold-based algorithm overestimated the maize and sorghum crops as compared to SVM. This study established the superior performance of the Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm for crop classification. Statistical validation confirmed that the SVM model achieved significantly higher accuracy in distinguishing both maize and sorghum from other land covers compared to the threshold-based algorithm, which exhibited a greater tendency for misclassification
Impact of tapioca adhesive on water-holding capacity in pot compost for tomato nurseries
Full text linkWater supply is one of the determining factors for successful production during tomato cultivation. Many farmers still carry out vegetable seedling activities using polybags and provide water daily. This research aims to find out whether this potting compost can store water well to be an alternative to polybags as a planting medium. Pot compost with tapioca adhesive has good water absorption and storage capabilities, which can help increase water storage capacity, reducing the need for irrigation water. This research uses a descriptive analysis method with the parameters measured including vegetative growth, length and width of cracks in compost pot, and compost weight before and after watering. The vegetative observations of tomato plants showed that treatment T1 had better growth than treatments T2 and T3 in plant height which averaged 56.40 mm and an average number of leaves of 5.20 strands on day 14. However, treatment T2 had better shape resistance than treatment T1 which only had an average crack length of 25 mm and an average crack width of 2.20 mm. In observations of measuring the water holding capacity of pot compost, treatment T3 was found to be the most optimal in storing water because on day 6 it still stored 12 ml of water compared to treatments T2 and T1. If this research is applied to large-scale plant nurseries, it can reduce plastic waste originating from polybags
Effects of mounding on soil properties, root development, and physiological responses of Ganoderma boninense-infected and uninfected oil palms
Full text linkBasal stem rot (BSR), caused by Ganoderma boninense, is a major disease in oil palm plantations, leading to significant losses. Currently, there is no fully effective method to control this disease. This study evaluated the effects of mounding techniques on root development in both Ganoderma-infected and uninfected oil palms over 8 months. The research was conducted across six plantations in North Sumatra, where root biomass was measured by uncovering a quarter of the mounded area and analyzing the soil's physical and chemical properties. The results showed that, although most soil properties were comparable, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and magnesium (Mg) levels were higher in uninfected palms. Root growth increased in both infected and uninfected palms from three to eight months after mounding, but by the seventh and eighth months, the root biomass in infected palms was lower compared to uninfected palms. Infected palms primarily showed the growth of primary-like roots, whereas uninfected palms exhibited more extensive tertiary and quaternary roots. The study concluded that while mounding stimulates root development, Ganoderma infection limits this growth. These findings have important implications for improving disease management strategies in oil palm plantations
Enhancing agronomic crop performance: a review of the role of Nano-Diammonium Phosphate (Nano-DAP) in improving soil nutrient status and crop productivity
Full text linkNano-diammonium phosphate (Nano-DAP) is a promising source of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P₂O₅) for crops and provides an effective remedy for nutrient deficiencies in standing plants. This review highlights the critical role of phosphorus in plant growth and examines the limitations of conventional fertilizers such as urea, DAP, and compost, which, although essential for crop production, often suffer from low nutrient use efficiency and contribute to environmental pollution. Drawing on a synthesis of published studies, this review demonstrates that Nano-DAP enhances phosphorus solubility and availability in soil–plant systems, thereby improving nutrient absorption, stimulating plant growth, and increasing crop yields compared to conventional fertilizers. The review also evaluates the impact of Nano-DAP on yield performance, nutrient uptake, and its application in major field crops. Furthermore, the advantages and potential limitations of Nano-DAP are discussed in the context of sustainable agriculture. Overall, the use of nano-fertilizers, particularly Nano-DAP, presents a promising strategy to improve agricultural productivity while reducing environmental risks