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Just War And Perpetual Peace: A View On Kants’ Position
Get PDF “War” and “peace” are perhaps the most speculative bipolar notions in human history. Since the dawn of human civilization, “Mother Earth” has faced constant conflict between war and peace. Theoretical analysis of the ideas of “war” and “peace” has been undertaken by intellectuals and philosophers from the dawn of time in an attempt to resolve this tension. In this work, it is discovered that Immanuel Kant made a genuine effort to establish the causes of and justification for war. An esoteric examination of Kantian Practical Philosophy indicates that Kant offers a novel type of “Just War Theory.” In the meantime, Kant seeks adequate solutions to the question, “What actions should be adopted after war?” How do we eliminate the likelihood of future wars? How may we achieve an everlasting state of peace? In this paper, we will examine Kant's perspectives on these questions. This work investigates further to determine if “just war theory” and “determining the methods for eternal peace” are incompatible. This work is separated into four portions. In the first part, we shall examine just war theory and its underlying ideas. In the second part, we shall examine Kant as an opponent of just war theory. In the third part, we portray Kant as a just war theorist, while section four examined the consistency between just war theory and Kant's concept of perpetual peace.
Divine Reality and the Principle of Sufficient Reason: A Philosophical Analysis
Get PDFThe cosmological postulation that there cannot be an “effect” without a “cause” is the underlying predicate of the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR). PSR states that everything must have a sufficient reason, cause, or foundation. Some theologians consider the above notions to be fideism, preferring to think that God's knowledge is founded on human reason, whereas “intelligent design” is a two-tiered argument that uses design to show the existence of a “Divine Realty” (God). Reality is subjective and is built indirectly depending on human perspective. The paper, therefore, aimed to philosophically analyze the Principle of Sufficient Reason to explain the notion of a divine reality. This analytical philosophical research employs the descriptive and conceptual analysis approaches and reveals that PSR, like other concepts, is not only improbable, but is also contradictory to divine knowledge. It concludes that although PSR uses contradictory terms such as “necessity” and “contingency” and fails to provide adequate justification for the existence of a divine reality, it could be justified that a “Divine Reality” (God or necessary being) must have a “sufficient reason” to exist
The Role of Social Media in Improving the Quality of Public Services in the Covid-19 Era at the Ombudsman Office in Makassar City
Get PDFThis study explains the quality of Makassar City Ombudsman Public Service through Social Media in the Covid-19 Era. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic requires online-based services and is carried out through social media. This study aims to examine and describe the role of social media in improving the quality of public services at the Makassar City Ombudsman office seen in indicators of the quality of public services, namely transparency, accountability, coordination, participation, equality of rights and continuity between rights and obligations. This research uses qualitative research methods with descriptive research type. Collecting data using observation, interviews, documentation and media review. The results of this study are that the role of social media in improving the quality of public services seen from the aspects of transparency, accountability, coordination, participation, equality of rights and continuity of rights and obligations has been going well and is considered to have been maximized by the community. It can be concluded that social media has an important role to improve the quality of effective public services
Robert Nozick’s Minimal State: A Critique
Get PDFThe book, Anarchy, State and Utopia by Robert Nozick’s is his most celebrated work in which the author discusses his political thoughts. His theory of Justice (The Entitlement Theory) and the Minimal State constitute the major themes in this book. Against John Rawl’s theory of justice which is distributive in nature, Nozick develops his theory of justice which he terms “entitlement theory”,a theory thatplaces emphasis on actual consent rather than rationality as the basis of political control which is actualized in the minimal state. For Nozick, the minimal state is the only morally justifiable form of government. This contention rests upon his understanding of the separateness of each person, the existence of inviolable rights, and the side constraint that these rights impose on the behaviour of others. Nozick claims that persons are rational, they are moral agents, and they have free will. In addition, they have the ability to regulate and guide their lives in accordance with some overall conception of their choice. His advocacy of a minimalist state limited to the protection of the people against theft, fraud and the enforcement of contract, his emphasis on the exclusive right to own property, rejection of coercive taxation, rejection of the provision of public social amenities amongst others is flawed and constitutes a problem in this regard. This paper concludes that, the kind of state envisaged by Nozick is utopia. However the good elements of his theory can be modified to make for the kind of state that prioritizes individual rights.
Religious-Magic Beliefs of the Sasak Community in East Lombok-NTB
Get PDFThis study presents another uniqueness of the Sasak people of Lombok, NTB, especially with regard to the picture of religious-magical beliefs that are still attached to this day. One of the aims of this research is to provide an overview of the variety of Indonesian culture that differs from region to region. The research approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with ethnographic methods. The results showed that in the Sasak community in particular and in Jerowaru District in particular, the spatial aspect of this study showed that the community still had magical religious beliefs which were believed in almost all areas of life, starting from farming, when building buildings, determining good days and so on
Philosophy of Education: A Brief Analysis from Modernist and Post-Modernist Perspective
Get PDFFor a very long period, the philosophy of education has been an important area of study. It is important because it explains how educational theories evolve. An understanding of philosophy is therefore essential in guiding and critiquing the development of educational theory. The purposes of education are articulated and expressed at a practical level through the curriculum. Philosophy sets the ground for the development of education. The inherent and interpretative meaning of education can be realized only through philosophy. Another important aspect of this relationship is the impact of various philosophical epochs in the field of education, like pre-modernism and post-modernism, on education. Both modernism and postmodernism have brought drastic revolutions in the fields of philosophy in general and philosophy of education in particular. The rapid changes in the social and economic spheres were thus paralleled by equally dramatic changes in the world of theory and ideas. The essence of this paper is to trace a brief analysis of the philosophy of education from the modern to the post-modernist strand
Gender and Environmental Preservation
Get PDFThe paper titled gender and environmental preservation explores the nature of gender in relationship with the environment using the Yakur society in Cross River State, Nigeria as a case study, African societies generally see the world to a greater extent as a man’s world in the sense that the land and everything within the environment is owned and controlled by men. However the research discovered that women give greater priority to protection of and improving the capacity of nature by maintaining the economic/agricultural environment, political environment, spiritual environment, domestic environment and the social environment respectively. Women play critical roles in managing natural resources and the family. Secondly the paper discussed the nature of gender inequality in Yakurr societies and its impact on women. The paper adopted the historical and phenomenological methods of data collection. The qualitative method was used to analyze the data collected. The paper calls for an equal distribution of resources irrespective of gender or sex
The Role of Islamic Education with Insight of Multicultural Values to Realize Harmony Between Students in Diversity (Case Study at SMA Negeri 2 Sigi, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi)
Get PDFIndonesia is a pluralistic country consisting of various ethnic groups, religions and races, so it is vulnerable to frictions of differences that can ignite divisions in the social life of the nation and state. Based on this, inter-religious harmony in Indonesia needs to be cared for and maintained, this is based on the many cases of violence involving religious factors. The principles of tolerance in religious life will be implemented if a Muslim gives freedom to embrace religion according to his beliefs and beliefs. The number of social media that is currently developing can make it easier to communicate and convey information, so that the information currently developing on social media is sometimes without any filtering so that a lot of hoax or untruthful information can trigger public misunderstandings which consequently can lead to things that are not true. negative thing. Problems that are often found and occur in education circles in high school include: (1) Fights between students often occur in schools. (2) Bullying between students is still common, either by physical or non-physical contact. (3) There is still discrimination in schools in terms of race, ethnicity, language, culture and religion. (4) Forming gangs among students that have a negative impact on themselves, the school and the local environment. Basis This research was conducted using survey research methods, namely research that took samples from one population and used a questionnaire as the main data collection tool. The results of the study, SMA Negeri 2 Sigi is a multicultural school with so much diversity in it, because in this school various religions, races, ethnicities, cultures, gather here, with a harmonious atmosphere of kinship. SMA Negeri 2 Sigi is not only a school to study, or produce students who excel, but character building here is seriously carried out. Various trainings that continue to be intense and consistent for students, do not be surprised if the diversity here goes well, because all school components are involved in it and synergize with each other so that the existing process goes well, then SMA Negeri 2 Sigi consistently has good character and achieve achievements in various fields. All the achievements obtained are inseparable from the good cooperation of the school and the harmony of all elements of society
An Analysis of Powers and Duties of a Receiver under Nigerian Company Law
Get PDFThe law draws a distinction between the functions of a receiver and a manager. A receiver has the duty to stop the business, collect the debts and realize the assets. He has no authority to carry on a going concern. Nevertheless, a manager, on the other hand, has powers to continue a business or any going concern. Thus, the primary motive for the appointment of the receiver/manager is that of the realization and preservation of the company’s security of those on whose behalf he is appointed. The actual role of a receiver is that of an agent. He as an agent is personally liable on any contract entered into by him in the performance of his functions except where the contract provides otherwise. As an agent, the primary duties of the receiver involve good faith, special confidence, and candour towards another. Basically, the duties of a receiver are those which can justifiably be said to be incidental to his powers of management. The paramount duty of the receiver on his appointment is to take possession of all the assets covered by the charge, since those are the things he is appointed to manage with a view to recovering what may be due to the debenture holders or mortgagees
Is There A Reliable Way of Knowing?
Get PDF The human quest for knowledge is not a mere quest for information that may probably be true, but an anxious quest for certainty. What then, does it mean to know? Is knowledge possible? What are the sources of our knowledge? This paper deals with some of these recurring epistemological questions and, more precisely, the question: Is there a reliable way of knowing? To claim to know requires that the object of our knowledge is not only true but also that the source from which such a knowledge claim originates is at least reasonably reliable. Therefore, in our response to the question of the possibility of a reliable way to knowledge, we argued that it would be reasonable to think of the reliability of our sources of knowledge not in absolute terms, but comparatively and depending on the context of a given claim to knowledge, because certain sources or kinds of knowledge, if subjected to critical analysis, may simply be more reliable than others. Thus, in light of the numerous challenges associated with certain sources or kinds of knowledge, the virtue of epistemic humility demands that we acknowledge that no single source or kind of knowledge is devoid of challenges that come in the way of its reliability. This work concludes that there is no reliable way to know. Outside of that context, each of our sources of knowledge falls short of being reliable and is capable of misleading us in our quest for knowledge