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Efficacy of Thymol and Eugenol Against Polymicrobial Biofilm
Full text linkBiofilms associated with human infection have high levels of pathogenicity due to their resistance to antibiotics. The discovery of an active antibiofilm agent against polymicrobial biofilms is a necessary consequence for coping with biofilm-related infections. Thymol and Eugenol are essential oils that have potential as antibacterial and antifungal. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of thymol and eugenol inhibits C. albicans, P. Aeruginosa, E. coli S. aureus and polymicrobial biofilm. Biofilm formation inhibition assay and biofilm degradation assay of thymol and eugenol were determined using microtiter broth method.The antibiofilm efficacy of thymol and eugenol towards polymicrobial biofilms were analyzed by calculating minimum biofilm inhibitor concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50) values. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) with 95% confidence level. Thymol and eugenol showed inhibitory activity against the formation of mono and polymicrobial biofilms of the microbial tested.The result also demonstrated an evidence of activity of thymol and eugenol in breaking down mono and polymicrobial biofilm. Therefore, thymol and eugenol serves as a potential source for new antibiofilm drugs towards polymicrobial biofilm
The Effect Of Temperature On Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Production By Pichia pastoris Expression System
Full text linkGranulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a haematopoetic growth factor that functions as specific stimulator of the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of precursor cells of the neutrophilic granulocyte cell lineage as well as an activator of mature neutrophil function. The main objective of this work is to compare the effect of different temperature on the production of extracellular recombinant G-CSF in Pichia pastoris. Cells were cultured for 72h in baffled shake-flasks at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C in two different medium; buffered glycerol/methanol-complex medium (BMGY/BMMY) and buffered minimal glycerol/methanol (BMGH/BMMH) after methanol induction every 12h. Expressed recombinant hG-CSF in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris was analyzed with SDS-PAGE. The 23 kDa protein was secreted into the culture supernatant when induced with methanol. Production of recombinant G-CSF protein in P. pastoris at 30°C at 48h incubation after methanol induction every 12h is the highest in both complex and minimum medium
α-Glucosidase Inhibition Activity of Stem Bark Ceiba pentandra Linn. In Vitro and In Silico
No full textCeiba pentandra (L.) stem bark plant contains tannin, flavonoid, alkaloid, terpenoid, and saponin compounds. It is known that flavonoid compounds have a potential for inhibition activity of an α-glucosidase enzyme. The purpose of this research is to know the α-glucosidase inhibition activity of the fraction of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. These three fractions measured α-glucosidase inhibition activity by spectrophotometric UV-vis method. The fraction extract with IC50 values can best be done an analysis of active compounds using LCMS/MS methods, and results of the suspected compound do the binding molecule with a receptor model isomaltase α-glucosidase uses AutoDock Vina so that bond can predict drug active compounds. The results of this research activity are inhibition of α-glucosidase stem bark in the fraction of n-hexane 4,60 μg/mL, ethyl acetate fraction 8,55 μg/mL and fractions of the water 5,61 μg/mL. Analysis of the compound fraction of water by LCMS/MS eluted at the retention time 3,61 seconds allegedly derivative compounds (+) catechin and on retention time 8,70 minutes allegedly derivative compounds vavain. Vavain derivative compounds, (+) catechin, acarbose and quercetin each has its own docking score of -8,1; -8,8; -6,2 and -7,6 kcal/mol and has a semblance of bonding on amino acid Glu276 which is a residue catalytic role in hydrolysis reactions. Equality on the sides of active chemical bonds is expected to have the same activity as drug inhibition of the enzyme α-glucosidase
The Formulation of Pacing (Costus speciosus) Extract Tablet by Using Avicel®Ph 200 As Filler-Binder and Amylum As Disintegration Agent
Full text linkPacing (Costus speciosus) is an herbaceous plant that is native to Indonesia and it can be used as a male contraceptive due to spermatogenesis inhibition. The purpose of this study is to find out the composition of optimum Avicel PH 200® as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent and to find out the variations on physical properties of the powder and tablet. The tablets were made by directly compression in 8 runs based on Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) from Design Expert 7.1.5, in which the test on physical properties of powder includes tapping index, water absorption, and moisture content, as well as on the physical properties of tablet, including hardness, friability, and disintegration time. The results showed that the variation in the composition between Avicel® PH 200 as the filler-binder and amylum as the disintegration agent had a significant effect on the friability of Costus speciosus (CS) extract tablet, in which the combination of both materials can increase the friability of the tablet. The optimum formula of CS tablet had a composition of Avicel® PH 200 by 462,5 mg and amylum by 37,5 mg contained in each tablet
The Effect of Ethanol Extract of Piper nigrum L. Fruit on Reproductive System in Adult Male Wistar Rats: A Study of FSH, LH, Testosterone Level and Spermatogenic Cells
Full text linkExploration to find out new natural contraceptive agent for male is still being developed. Black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) and its main alkaloid piperine have potential antifertility because of sitotoxic and hormonal effects. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of ethanolic extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) fruit of on reproductive hormone serum level, sperm quality, and spermatogenic cell populations in adult male Wistar rat. Twenty five male rats were divided into five groups consisting of two control group, i.e. K(-) (Na-CMC 0.5%), K(+) (finasteride 0.45mg/kg BW), and three groups received different doses of black pepper fruit ethanolic extract, i.e. D(1) (3.33mg/kg BW), D(2) (6.66mg/kg BW) and D(3) (13.32mg/kg BW) respectively. The treatment were given to each group for 55 days. Reproductive parameters were measured, including serum level of reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, dan testosteron), quality of cauda epididymal sperm (spermatozoa concentration, motility and morphological abnormality), spermatogenic cell populations (primary spermato-cyte and spermatid count) and seminiferous tubules diameter. Ethanol extract of black pepper fruit at doses of 3.33mg/kg BW, 6.66mg/kg BW, and 13.32mg/kg BW increased serum FSH level. Extract at dose of 13.32mg/kg BW decreased serum LH level, while extract at doses of 6.66mg/kg BW and 13.32mg/kg BW decreased serum testosterone level. The number of primary spermatocytes, spermatozoa concentration, and spermatozoa motility were decreased by administration of ethanol extract of black pepper fruit with dose of 6.66mg/kg BW and 13.32mg/kg BW. Ethanol extract of black pepper fruit at dose of 6.66mg/kg BW and 13.32mg/kg BW had a negative impact on the male reproductive system and showing potential antifertility in male rat
Effects of Probiotics and Vitamin B Supplementation on IFN-γ and IL-12 Levels During Intensive Phase Treatment of Tuberculosis
Full text linkTuberculosis is an acute infectious disease that primarily affects the lungs. Probiotics supplementation can increase the number and activity of NK cell in peripheral blood by modulation of IL-12, thus increasing IFN-γ production by Th1 response. Vitamin B1 acts on macrophages and affects neutrophil motility. Vitamin B6 is associated with the release of cytokines and the responsiveness of NK cells, while vitamin B12 affects to lymphocytes, Tcell proliferation, CD4+ ratios, and NK cell activity. To analyze the effects of probiotics and vitamin B1, B6, B12 supplementation on IFN-γ and IL-12 levels during intensive phase of antituberculosis treatment. The study was pre-post test randomised control by time series. The control group was TB patients with standard therapy of antituberculosis and vitamin B6, while the intervention group was TB patients receiving therapy plus once daily probiotics and vitamin B1, B6, B12supplementation during the intensive phase. Blood samples were withdrawn at baseline, one month, and two months after therapy to measure plasma IFN-γ and IL-12 levels using the ELISA method. Twenty two patients were divided equally into two groups. There was a tendency to greater increase of IFN-γ in the first month of the intervention group, followed by a significant decline after two-month therapy (p < 0.05). In both groups there was a rise in IL-12 levels after one month followed by a decrease in the second month (p > 0.05). However, the percentage was higher in the supplementation group. Adding probiotics and vitamins B1, B6, B12 could improve immune response through IL-12 and IFN-γ modulation during intensive phase therapy
The Antihyperglicemic Activity of ethanol Extract of Fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum graecum L) and its effect on the GLUT-2 expression of Streptozotocin Nicotinamide Induced Rats
No full textInsulin is an important factor in glucose transport. Glucose transporter (GLUT-2) in pancreatic β cell membranes is responsible for glucose transport that will stimulate insulin secretion. The purpose of this research was to investigate the antihyperglycemic activities of extract of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) seed and the effects on GLUT-2 protein expression in pancreatic β cells on Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-induced (STZ-NA) rats. This research utilized five groups of male Wistar rats. Group I was normal control group, while Groups II-V were induced with STZ-NA. Group II was negative control group (CMC Na 1%); group III was positive control group (Glibenclamide); group IV and V was examined group (fenugreek seed ethanol extract of 100mg/kg bw and 200 mg/kg bw)). The test compounds were orally administered for 14 days. Measurement of blood glucose levels and observation of the expression of GLUT-2 protein in pancreatic β cells in rats were conducted by immunohistochemistrical method. The research results revealed that the examined group dose of 200 mg/kg bw of fenugreek seed extract appeared to show blood glucose level decline that was proportionate to that of the positive control group. The increased density of GLUT-2 protein in pancreatic β cells significantly occurred in the group injected with 200 mg/kg bw compared to the group injected with 100 mg/kg bw. Hence, 200 mg/kg bw of fenugreek seed ethanol extract was able to decrease blood glucose levels and increase the GLUT-2 protein expression in pancreatic β cells in STZ-NA-induced rats with the effectiveness that was comparable to the positive control grou
Antiinflamatory and antidepressive activities of Extract Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
No full textSystemic Lupus Erythemathosus is an autoimmune, inflammatory, chronic disorder characterized by multiorgan system involvement. Depression and anxiety are frequent complaints among patients with lupus erythematosus, so antidepressive treatment should be an important element of the therapy of patients with lupus erythematosus. Research into curcumin’s potential as a treatment for depression is still in its infancy, although several potential antidepressant mechanisms of action have been identified. 4-weeks double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted in 14 SLE patients (10 as treatment group and 4 as control group) The BDI (Beck Depression Inventory) score was calculated and TNF α concentration was measured in the serum subjects before and after treatment. Correlation between TNF α concentration and BDI was assessed. After 4 weeks treatment, the TNF α concentration from subjects in treatment group were significantly lower than before ( p <0.001) but the BDI score were not significantly lower than before (p = 0.059). The TNF α concentration and BDI score showed positive correlation, p = 0,024. This study demonstrate that Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb extract can decrease serum TNF α concentration and reduce clinically symptoms of depression in SLE patients
Antimicrobial activity and Identification of fungus associated Stylissa flabelliformis sponge collected from Menjangan Island West Bali National Park, Indonesia
Full text linkThe Fungus is a very important microorganism as a producer of bioactive secondary metabolites. Active substances of microbial origin have been sought through the process of screening methods to obtain antimicrobial compounds. The purpose of this study was to isolate fungi associated with sponge taken from Menjangan Island National Park West Bali (Indonesia) and identify fungi that have antimicrobial activity. Isolation of fungus from sponge was carried out by spread plate method using Saboroud Saline Agar medium. Each fungi will be tested to Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Identification of fungi is based on the observation of macroscopic, microscopic and also using 16rRNA/ITS phylogeny tree. The results showed that S. flabelliformis sponge had 10 fungal isolates. Most of them have antimicrobial activity. The name associated with a sponge fungus is These 10 fungus are Aspergillus flavus strain UPMZ02, Aspergillus fumigatus strain CD1621, Trichoderma reesei strain JCM 2267, Aspergillus nomius strain KUB105, Aspergillus sp. strain TLWK-09, Aspergillus flavus strain MC-10-L, Penicillium sp. strain RMA-2, Aspergillus sp. strain TLWK-09, Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichoderma reesei strain TV221
SYNTHESIS, COMPUTER AIDED SCREENING AND PHARMACOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF 2/3-SUBSTITUTED-6(4-METHYLPHENYL)-4,5-DIHYDROPYRIDAZIN3(2H)-ONES, AND PYRIDAZINE SUBSTITUTED TRIAZINE
Full text linkThe present research work involved synthesis of some novel pyridazine derivatives and evaluation of their analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities in experimental animals to obtain safer non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Friedal craft acylation reaction of succinic anhydride with toluene in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride gave 4-(4-methylphenyl)-4-oxo-butanoic acid (1). The aryl propionic acid 1 on reaction with phenyl hydrazine and hydrazine hydrate yielded the pyridazinone derivative 2 and 3, respectively. Reaction of the compound 3 with phosphorus oxychloride (POCl3) produced the corresponding chloropyridazine derivative 4. A 4-hydroxymethyl derivative of dihydropyridazinone (5) was synthesized by condensing 3 with methanol and formaldehyde (HCHO). The compound 5 on further treatment with guanidine hydrochloride in ethanol gave the pyridazino-triazine (6). The synthesized compounds were investigated for their analgesic activity in mice and anti-inflammatory activity in Wistar albino rats. The molecular, pharmacokinetic and toxicity properties of the synthesized compounds were calculated by Molinspiration and Osiris property explorer software. The results of in-vivo anti-inflammatory studies revealed that the compound. 4 showed maximum inhibition in paw edema volume followed by compound no. 3 while the compound no. 4 exhibited excellent peripheral analgesic activity (74%) followed by the compound no. 5. Compound no. 4 and 5 also showed good central analgesic effect increased the reaction time to 90 minutes. All the title compounds except compound 5 are predicted to be safe by Osiris online software and are likely to have good oral bioavailability as they obey Lipinski’s rule of five for drug likeness