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Biosynthesis of a biopolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from a mixture of palm oil and 2-butanol as carbon sources
Get PDFPolyhydroxybutyrate [P(3HB)] are synthesized as carbon and energy reserve materials by many types of microorganisms under certain environmental condition. These biosynthetic polyesters have much received attention as they can be considered to be a source for developing novel biodegradable plastic materials for pharmaceutical, medical and biodegradable packages industries. In this case, Erwiniasp. USMI-20, a locally soil isolated microorganism has been found to accumulate P(3HB) in its cells during growth on mineral-media with a mixture of palm oil and 2-butanol as carbon source. Fermentation process was conducted through a feedbatch cultivation under aerobic condition at pH 7.0, incubation temperature 30 oC, and agitation rate of 200 rpm for 48 hours. The characterization of the polymer production was based on cell growth (biomass) and polymer content detected by a gas chromatography methode. Result showed that from a mixture of palm oil:2-butanol (4.62g/L+0.89g/L) produced P(3HB) of 50.86 %w/w with biomass of 5.82g/L; a mixture of palm oil:2-butanol (4.62g/L+1.65g/L) produced P(3HB) of 57,77% w/w with biomas of 6.01g/L, a mixture of palm oil:2-butanol (4.62g/L+2.48g/L) produced P(3HB) of 55.85%w/w with biomass of 6.57g/L, a mixture of palm oil:2-butanol (4.62g/L+3.29 g/L) produced P(3HB) of 56.37% w/w with biomass of 6.67g/L and a mixture of palm oil:2-butanol (4.62g/L+4.12g/L) produced P(3HB) of 47.70% w/w with biomass of 6.33g/LKey words:biopolymer, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate), palm oil, and n-butanol
The effect of variation of dose, time toward cauli flower (Brassica oleracea var BotrytisL.) On hepatic cytochrome P-450 level rats given theophylline
Get PDFCytochrome P-450 as a major component enzyme system in drug metabolism. Activity enzyme of cytochrome P-450 was influenced by internal and external factors. Vegetables of Brassicaceae such as cauli flower were often consumed in the long term, its has inductor activity of oxidation enzyme systems and conjugation reactions. Theophylline as a bronchodilator drugs have the unknown effects on hepatic microsomal enzyme, such as cytochrome P-450 and have not been many studies that tried to prove it. The purpose of this study was to prove the effects of Cauliflower and indol on level cytochrome P-450 enzyme. 90 rats were divided into 3 groups. Group I, were given Theophylline 20 mg/kg BW. In group II 30 rats were treated with indole 1,2; 2,4; 3,6 mg/kg BW, and group III 30 rats were treated with cauliflower extract respectively doses 100, 200, 300 g/kg BW. Each dose was given on 10 rats, each group were divided 2 sub-groups were treated for 5, 10 days. On the last day of treatment were given Theophylline 20 mg/kg BW. Cytochrome P-450 enzyme levels were determined by the method of Omura and Sato(Snell, and Mullock,1987). An induction cauliflower and indole did not increased levels of hepatic cytochrome P-450. The long treatment and the increased of administered dose did not enhanced the levels of hepatic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. cauliflower and indole contained in vegetables when consumed together with theophylline drug, would not affect the metabolism of theophyllineKey words: Cauli flower, cytochrome P-450, theophylline, indole, spectrofotometric
Modeling of p-aminophenol compounds as analgesic antiinflammatory based on biologic activity and structure relationship
Get PDFThis research aim was to find out the new compounds model of paminophenol derivates which have analgesic anti-inflammatory activity based on structure and biologic activity relationship analysis by computation methods. Seventeen compounds of p-aminophenol derivates were used in this research, and six compounds known its analgesic-antiinflammatory activity were used for determine QSAR equation model. This research’s result was a QSAR equation that can be using for synthesis the higher activity new compound of paminophenol. Key words : p-aminophenol compounds, analgesic anti-inflammatory activity, structure and activity relationship, QSAR equation, computation method
Characterization of physical properties of binary system of erythromycin stearate-sodium starch glycolate by compression force effect
Get PDFCharacterizations of the physical properties of binary system of erythromycin stearate (ERS)-sodium starch glycolate(SSG) due to compression force, had been carried out. The solid state properties were evaluated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) methods. The weight fraction of mixtures ERS: SSG (90:10), (80:20) and (70:30) were compressed using hydraulic press and flat plain punches with a diameter of 13 mm. The compression force was 29.5 kN. Diffraction peaks at 2θ = 5.6; 10,6 and 25.6° were used to determine the full width at half maximum (FWHM), crystallite size and preferred orientation. Peak broadening was calculated by measuring the FWHM. FWHM values, crystallite size and preferred orientation of the crystallites were calculated by WinPlotr program. The results of the study showed that the FWHM value increased at all the crystal lattice as the fraction of SSG increased. The crystallite size and peak intensity decreased gradually as fraction of SSG increased. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis indicated that SSG was dispersed on surface and inside of the tablet of ERS at all combination. The phase diagram of binary system ERS and SSG showed a no interaction of ERS and SSG.Key words : characterization, physical properties, ERS, SSG, compression forc
Analysis of the resistance of M. tuberculosis to fluoroquinolon and the implementation of nuclear based biomolecular technique.
Get PDFTuberculosis (TB) is still a problem in community health with high rate of mortality. The case became much more complicated due to emerge of Mycobacterium tuberculosis which are resistant to the drugs. This caused the movement of attention from the first line drugs to fluoro-quinolon (FQ) as alternative drug. The aim of this research was to do analysis the mutation which causing the resistance of bacterial through nucleic acid alterations with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) technique. Analysis was done on gyrA and gyrB genes encoding DNA gyrase of bacterial and closely related to FQ resistance in 100 of sputa samples of positive BTA test results. DNA of M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv was used as control. From analysis on gyrA gene it was known that 57 samples were positive PCR and no resistant sample was found. For gyrB gene, only 12 of them were positive PCR and again there was no samples had mutation as cause of resistance. These mean that FQ could be used as replacement drug. Molecular detection technique was known fast and specific for assessing bacterial resistance. Researcher proves that searching for P32-radioisotope labeled DNA alteration was more sensitive. Hopefully this results of experiment can be implemented in medication with more effective and support diagnose results so that it will lowering the risk of patient mortality.Key words : M. tuberculosis, fluoro-quinolon, resistance, PCR, SSC
Gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) prevents the ‘priming’ effect of estradiol-17β
Get PDFGnIH inhibits GnRH-stimulated gonadotropin secretion in the sheep by action on the pituitary gonadotropes. Estradiol-17β(E2) also acts at the level of the pituitary gonadotrope to exert negative and positive feedback effects on gonadotropin secretion. The positive effect facilitates the estrogen-induced surge in gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and LH. This study was undertaken to determine whether this ‘priming’ effect of E2 is prevented by GnIH. Cultured pituitary cells were treated with GnRH or vehicle every 4 h for 24 h with and without GnIH and E2 treatment. GnRH stimulated (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion was increased by E2 treatment. The effect of E2 was overcomes by the inhibitory effect of GnIH. We conclude that GnIH may counteract the priming effect of E2 on pituitary gonadotropes.Key words:Gonadotropin, gonadotrope, gonadotropin inhibitoryhormone, estradio
Response to antiretroviral therapy undergone by HIV/AIDS patients
Get PDFHIV/AIDS, with new cases thereof coming up year after year, is a fastgrowing disease. In order to inhibit HIV replication, ARV is administered to HIV/AIDS patients throughout his life-time. Continuous monitoring for the detection of its desired result ought to be conducted. This study is aimed to find out the response of the ARV therapy undergone by the HIV/AIDS patients hospitalized in a teaching hospital in Yogyakarta. Descriptive non-experimental design was used for the study. The data were obtained retrospectively from medical records of 71 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed descriptively.The research findings indicated that of the first-line ARV therapy, zidovudine+lamivudine+nevirapine (AZT+3TC+NVP) was mostly used (61.97%). It was found that all of the ARV types used were in accordance with the National Therapy Antiretroviral Guidelines (2007) from Health Ministry Department, Indonesia. As observed further, 61 (92.80%), 40 (85.00%), and 20 (85.00%) patients had their CD4 increased; 66 (72.72%), 44 (75.00%), 24 (79.17%) had gained weight; and 71 (100%), 55 (100%), and 31 (96.77%) had survived the disease after 6, 12, and 24 months undergoing ARV therapy. However, the increase in CD4 after six-month therapy was not always attended by the increase in weight. To conclude, this phenomenon indicated good immune and clinical responses.Key words: HIV/AIDS, antiretroviral, therapy response, CD4count, hospital
Analysis of P ® film-coated caplet quality control by implementing statistical process control method at PT. YF
Get PDFManufacturing of film-coated caplet dosage form is a multi-steps process, including weighing, blending, granulating, drying, compression, coating, and packaging. Every manufacturing process is influenced by natural variation and assignable variation which caused the process operates out-of control and interfering consistency and attainment of output quality specification. Based on the above background a research was conducted upon manufacturing process of P® film coated caplet at PT.YF. This research was limited for core caplet compression step and film coating step instead of entire production process. The purposes of this research were analyzing core caplet compression process and coating process and measuring process capabilityof those steps in meeting the pre-determined quality specifications. Investigation of 20 latest consecutive batch record documents within 2009 period was conducted in collecting quantitative data measurement of caplet quality characteristics including weight uniformity, hardness, friability, disintegration,and dissolution of drug substance of P® film coated caplet. Those data were analyzed using control chart SPC method and process capabilitywas measured by Cpk index. The results showed that from caplet core compression step the control chart of caplet weight uniformity and friability indicates statistically in-control, meanwhile step the control chart of hardness; disintegration time and dissolution of Paracetamol ; Ibuprophen indicates statistically out-of control. The result of film coating step of P® film-coated caplet showed that the control chart of weight uniformity; hardness and Ibuprophen dissolution indicates statistically out-of control, meanwhile disintegration time and Paracetamol dissolution was statistically in control. The process capability index, Cpk. of core caplet weight uniformity: 1.375, and Paracetamol P® film-coated caplet dissolution: 1,841,Key words : Natural variation, assignable variation, Statistical Process Control, P® filmcoated caple
Dead time determination and its influence to retention index in GC system using polar capillary column
Get PDFIn this research for the determination of dead timeused a method that is mathematically calculated as iteration and linearization of the polar capillarry column in Gas Chromatography (GC) type DN-Wax, by injecting the homologous series of n-alkanes (n-pentane up to n-decane) on GC system. The dead time values obtained are then used to determine the Kovats Retention Index (Retention Index, RI). The results indicated that the retention index had values of systematic error those are more accurate than the retention time (tR), corrected retention time (tR') and retention factor(k'), but the retention index shows the value of random error slightly larger than with other retention parameters. In this study the average values obtained by the iteration method, the dead time was 3.52 minutes with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998.Retention index values obtained are at the confidence level 92.11%-97.06% with the systematic errors 2.04%-7.89%, while the linearization method showed the average value of the dead time 3.3 minutes witha correlation coefficient of 0.9992, but the value of retention index values obtained show that the systematic error is very large.Key words:Dead time, Retention Index, Homologous Series, G
Improvement of artemisinin content through mutation of in vitro shoot cultures of Artemisia cinamedicinal plant
Get PDFImprovement of plant traits through mutation induction of herbal medicine of shoots Artemisia cina in vitro have conducted by gamma rays. About 200 of A.cina shoots in vitro were cultured in Murashige & Skoog(MS) medium without phyto-hormone were irradiated by the dose of 10 Gy at Gamma Chamber in PATIR – BATAN. Irradiated shoot cultures were then multiplication and selected. The selected mutant lines have acclimatized and cultivated at distance of 0.5 x 1 m at Bogor region. 21 of mutant lines have been obtained from 630 A.cina mutant lines from field cultivation. The morphological observation i.e., leaves area, plants high and percentage of flower emerge have conducted when the plants were cultivated in the field. The artemisinin content of mutant lines and original plant have conducted by using HPLC. The result shown that the mutant lines had higher leaves area than original plant and some of mutant lines were shorter than original plant. The percentage of emerge flowers were reached 50.17% to be A31.1 mutant line. The improvement of plant traits by gamma rays was showed by increasing of artemisinin in A.cina mutant lines. The highest artemisinin content to be A32a2, A32c1 and A36.2 were found 21.03 mg/g, 19.99 and 15.79 mg/g respectively compared to the original plant only 0.40 mg/g. The improvement of artemisinin content of mutant line A32a2, A32c1 and A36.2 were 52.25; 48.97 and 38.48% respectively.Key word :mutation, shoots in vitro, artemisinin, Artemisia cina