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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF KETOPROFEN CREAM WITH DICLOFENAC AND PIROXICAM CREAM IN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS DISORDERS:
Get PDFNon steroidal Anti- inflammatory drugs have their origin as the derivatives of plants, which were observed to have their therapeutic effects in different disease states. They have the advantage of local action without developing central adverse effects and cognitive impairments. Side effects have been well described, although partly neglected. Topical delivery of NSAID has its therapeutic applications in management of pain and inflammation in Rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder that may affect many tissues and organs but principally attacks the synovial joints. It can be disabling and painful condition, which can lead to substantial loss of functioning and mobility if not adequately treated. The aim of the present investigation was to compare the Ketoprofen cream with Diclofenac and Piroxicam cream in a group of volunteers suffered from Rheumatoid arthritis and to compare the efficacy of these creams in reduction of inflammation. This single blind comparative study was done to determine the efficacy, tolerability and acceptability of topical application of Ketoprofen cream (1%w/w) vs diclofenac cream (1%w/w) and piroxicam cream (0.5%w/w) in Rheumatoid arthritis patients. In this study, one hundred and twenty five volunteers suffering with acute Rheumatoid arthritis and age group between 40-70 years were analyzed for assessing the intensity of pain and anti-inflammatory effects of these three creams. The study revealed that Ketoprofen cream provides a good level of pain relief removes swelling and tenderness and improves the functional impairment, without the systemic adverse events associated with oral NSAIDs.Key Words: Cream, Diclofenac, Ketoprofen, Piroxicam, Rheumatoid arthriti
OPTIMIZATION OF POLYSACCHARIDE-RICH FRACTIONATION FROM MORINDA CITRIFOLIA L. FRUIT BASED ON IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECT IN VITRO
Get PDFMorinda citrifolia L. fruits are rich in polysaccharides of which are non toxic and possess hospes-mediated-antitumor potential. In Indonesia, noni fruit has been used empirically to enhance immune system. Previous research revealed that noni polysaccharide-rich fraction showed macrophage activity enhance-ment. This research aimed to optimize the method of noni-polysaccharides-rich fractionation using four different methods for polysaccharide isolation (method I, II, III, IV) and to evaluate the immunostimulatory effects of the isolated polysaccharides on macrophages and lymphocytes activities. Immunostimulatory effects were examined on male Balb/c mice in vitro. The polysaccharides were evaluated by phenol sulfuric acid test. Qualitative methods were used to detect the phytochemical characteristic. Total phenolic content was determined by using Folin-Ciocalteau method. The study showed different methods resulted in different yields, phytochemical characteristics and immunostimulatory activities of polysaccharides-rich fraction. The phytochemical test from method I, III and IVb revealed the presence of alkaloid. Method II resulted fractions with the presence of saponin. There were no protein and phenolic substances detected from all methods. The highest result of polysaccharide content was found in method IVb (32.58%). Method III showed the highest activity on phagocytic activity of the macrophage, while method IVb exhibited the highest stimulation on lymphocyte proliferation.Key words: Isolation method, polysaccharide, Morinda citrifolia L. immunostimulatory effec
PROTECTIVE EFFECT ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Boesenbergia pandurata (ROXB.) Schlecht. AGAINST UVB-INDUCED DNA DAMAGES IN BALB/C MICE
Get PDFBoesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht. contains bioactive compounds that have a number healthy effect including anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activity. This research was carried out to examine the protective effect of B. pandurata extract against expression of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) as marker of UVB-induced DNA damage in Balb/c mice. Dried powder of B. pandurata rhizomes was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract was quantified with pinostrobin as active marker using TLC scanner. Ethanolic extract of B. pandurata (EEBP) was given orally at 14 days before UV exposure with a variety doses, 0 (vehicle), 20, 40 and 60mg/kgBW/day and continuing until termination of the experiment. Following the UVB irradiation (1.4J/m2), mice were sacrificed at different time points (2, 24, 48, and 72h after UVB exposure). The back skin samples were collected to analyze CPDs expression by immunohistochemical method. The result showed that EEBP (contained 5% pinostrobin) dose was 40 and 60mg/kgBW/day had protective activity against UV-induced DNA damage as indicated by the decrease of CPDs expression. Key words: Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlecht., UVB, DNA damage, CPDs
OVERPRODUCTION OF MERCURIC REDUCTASE FROM MERCURY-RESISTANT BACTERIA KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE ISOLATE A1.1.1
No full textMercury is a highly toxic compound in human. It can, however, be detoxified by mercuric reductase (MerA) protein derived from mercury resistant bacteria. This study aims to obtaine MerA protein by transforming merA gene into Escherichia coli BL21. Nucleotide sequence of merA gene of mercury resistant bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates A111, optimized by using gene program designers (www.dna20/com) then commercially synthesized and cloned in pET32b expression plasmid vector. Plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 to produce MerA protein recombinant, induced with isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). MerA proteins were analyzed by 10% sodium dodecyl sulphate poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). The result showed that MerA protein with 60kDa was detected on SDS PAGE. The obtained MerA protein can be used in further research for the enzymatic detoxification of inorganic mercury.Key words: mercuric reductase, merA gene, MerA protein, Escherichia coli BL2
Antibacterial invitroand antidiarrhea invivoeffects of the infusion of sago roots (Metroxylon sagu)
Get PDFFresh root of sago (Metroxylon sagu) traditionally has been used as an antidiarrhea in South Kalimantan community. However, there is no scientific data yet to support it. The aims of this study were to investigate the antibacterial effect of the infusion of sago root on Salmonella typhi(S. typhi) as one of bacteria causing diarrhea in vitro and to find out its effects as anti diarrhea in male mice induced by castor oil in vivo. This experimental study measured the inhibitory zone in S. typhiculture and to count the frequency and duration of diarrhea. It used 3 concentrations, i.e 10%; 20% and 40% of the infusion of sago root. Chloramphenicol and aquadest were used as positive and negative control groups respectively in in vitro study, whereas in in vivo one loperamide was positive control group. Chloramphenicol was used since it is an antibiotic standard for eradicating S. thypi, whereas Loperamide is anti peristaltic agent from declining the frequency and duration of diarrhea. The infusion inhibited radical zone of S. typhi culture by 7.8; 9.8 and 10 mm, decreased the frequency of diarrhea 24.23%; 40.54% and 16.22% and decreased the duration of diarrhea 26.69%; 52.92% and 10.27% at concentration 10%, 20% and 40%, respectively. As conclusion the infusion of sago root has the potency as anti bacteria and decrease the frequency and duration of diarrhea. The best concentration of the infusion of sago root is 20%.Key words: Metroxylon sagu, Mice, Anti diarrhea, Anti bacteri
DESCRIPTION OF PATIENTS' COMPLIANCE IN ASEER REGION, KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
Get PDFMedication non-adherence can cause impairments that interfere with self-care activities in individuals who suffer from multiple comorbid diseases that require careful management. The objective of this study is to assess and describe medication adherence in patients of Aseer Region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Samples of 416 patients in the outpatient department at Abha General Hospital and Aseer Central Hospital are selected randomly. The patients were interviewed using seven a self-administered close-ended anonymous questionnaire. Only descriptive statistics is reported in this study for analyze the compliance category. The participants in the study were 71% (295 out of 416 patients) of participants were females, while 29% (121 out of 416) were males. The participants’ age ranges between 18-60 years. The adherence level was 85%. The major reasons for non-adherence were forgetfulness and feeling good. The study revealed the appropriate level of adherence by participants. The study also revealed that pharmacists and other healthcare professional intervention will help to improve further the medication adherence with possible fruitful therapeutic outcomes of the patients.Key words: Non-adherence patient, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMedication non-adherence can cause impairments that interfere with self-care activities in individuals who suffer from multiple comorbid diseases that require careful management. The objective of this study is to assess and describe medication adherence in patients of Aseer Region of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Samples of 416 patients in the outpatient department at Abha General Hospital and Aseer Central Hospital are selected randomly. The patients were interviewed using seven a self-administered close-ended anonymous questionnaire. Only descriptive statistics is reported in this study for analyze the compliance category. The participants in the study were 71% (295 out of 416 patients) of participants were females, while 29% (121 out of 416) were males. The participants’ age ranges between 18-60 years. The adherence level was 85%. The major reasons for non-adherence were forgetfulness and feeling good. The study revealed the appropriate level of adherence by participants. The study also revealed that pharmacists and other healthcare professional intervention will help to improve further the medication adherence with possible fruitful therapeutic outcomes of the patients.Key words: Non-adherence patient, Kingdom of Saudi Arabi
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN BENGKOANG (Pachyrhizus erosus) AS ANTIOXIDANT AND TYROSINASE INHIBITING AGENTS
Get PDFIn Indonesia, the roots of bengkoang (Phacyrhizus erosus) have been used as the excipient for sun screening and skin whitening paste. Since the active compounds exhibiting skin whitening or sun screening effect have not previously been studied, the aim of this study was to identify compounds with antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitor activities. Soxhlet extraction was used as the method of isolation with petroleum ether as the solvent and it was followed by fractionation using ethyl acetate to obtain three isoflavonoids (i.e. daidzein (2); daidzein-7-O-ß-glucopyranose (3); 5-hydroxy-daidzein-7-O-ß-glucopyranose (4)), and a new pterocarpan (i. e. 8,9-furanyl-pterocarpan-3-ol (1)) which antioxidant activities (SC50% values) of 2.11; 11.86; 0.69 and 7.86 respectively. All compounds showed tyrosinase inhibiting activities with IC50 values of 4.38; 5.35; 7.49 and 22.20 mM, respectively for compound 4, 2, 1 and 3. These compounds can be used as antioxidant and skin whitening materials
THE APPLICATION OF HYDROTROPES AS MEDIUM IN THE EXTRACTION OF ANDROGRAPHOLIDE
Get PDFHydrotrope solutions provide safe and effective media for the microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide, the major bioactive chemical constituent of plant Andrographis paniculata. Microwave assisted extraction of androgpaholide was carried out by using hydrotropes, sodium benzoate and urea. The objective of this work were to determine the Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration (MHC) and to determine the effectiveness of each hydrotrope with respect to andrographolide at different system powers. The microwave assisted extractions of andrographolide were carried out at different concentration of hydrotropes (0.2-3M) and different system powers (39.9 and 119.7 Watt). Twenty grams of Andrographis paniculata dried powder were added to 200 ml of hydrotrope solutions and extracted in a microwave extractor for 15 minutes. The research result showed that the percentage of the microwave assisted extraction of andrographolide by using sodium benzoate and urea were up to 10.9% and 1.05% respectively. The Minimum Hydrotrope Concentration and the effectiveness of hydrotropes that was measured in term of Setschenow constant (Ks) were reported for two hydrotropes used in this study.
SOLUBILITY ENHANCEMENT OF POORLY WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS
Get PDFAqueous solubility is a limiting factor in the oral bioavailability of a certain class of poorly water soluble drugs. A consequence of low aqueous solubility is a slow dissolution rate. For the drugs with low aqueous solubility and high permeability the dissolution rate will be the rate limiting step for absorption. The most successful techniques that are employed for dissolution enhancement are micronization, formulation of amorphous systems and cyclodextrins containing dosage forms. This combined approaches to improve the dissolution of some poorly soluble drugs. Micronization increases the dissolution rate of drugs through increased surface area. The high surface area of drug micro/nano particles renders them thermodynamically unstable, promoting agglomeration and crystal growth. Microparticles of the poorly water soluble drugs were produced by the supercritical antisolvent method and simultaneously mixed with pharmaceutical excipients in a single step to prevent the drug agglomeration of drug particles. In the third approach cyclodextrins (CDs) were used as pharmaceutical solubilizers and inclusion complexes of drugs with β-CD.Key words: micronization, supercritical antisolvent, cyclodextrin
STUDIES ON THROMBOLYTIC AND ANTI-HELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF Cocccinea grandis
Get PDFTraditional system of medicine consists of large number of plants with various medicinal and pharmacological values and hence represents a priceless tank of new bio active molecules. Coccinea grandis belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae, is a rapidly growing, perennial climber or trailing vine. Traditionally different parts of this plant namely roots, leaves, and fruits are used in folklore medicine for several purposes like jaundice, diabetes, wound healing, ulcers, stomach ache, skin disease, fever, asthma, cough. Development of anthelmintic resistance and high cost of conventional anthelmintic drugs led to the evaluation of medicinal plants as an alternative source of anthelmintics. As no scientific data was available on this plant hence, the present study was carried out for the investigation of antihelmintic activity and thrombolytic activity of bark of Coccinea grandis. Antihelmintic activity was done on pheritima posthuma. The results obtained were compared with standard albendazole and control groups respectively, the parameters evaluated are time of paralysis and time of death. On the other hand thrombolytic activity was done by using aqueous extract of Coccinea grandis bark. Thrombi or emboli can lodge in a blood vessel and block the flow of blood in that location depriving tissues of normal blood flow and oxygen. This can result in damage, destruction (infarction), or even death of the tissues (necrosis) in that area. Streptokinase is an antigenic thrombolytic agent used for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction, served as standard. This study was conducted on human blood sample and compared with standard and control groups respectively. The parameters studied are percentage of clot lysis. From the present study we found that various extracts of this plants showed significant thrombolytic and antihelmintic properties.Key words: thrombolysis, helminthes, coccinea, albendazole, streptokinase