Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
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Quercetin Bioavailability Evaluation on Standardized Herbal Medicine Containing Guava Leaf Extract with HPLC
Get PDFStandardized herbal medicines are classified as one of Indonesia's natural medicine ingredients in addition to herbal medicine and phytopharmaceuticals. The safety and efficacy of standardized herbal medicines are scientifically proven through preclinical trials, and raw materials and products have been standardized. One includes standardized herbal medicines is diapet, psidii, lelap, fitolac, and glucogarp. To determine the bioavailability of standardized herbal products containing guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.). which uses single and combined natural materials. The method used is experimental with a crossover design. Blood samples are taken from the marginalis vein of the rabbit ear at 0.5 hours; 1; 2; 4; and 6. The level of quercetin in the blood is determined by the reverse-phase HPLC method. The mobile phase used is methanol:aquabidest (59:41,v/v), stationary phase octadecyl silica (C18), flow rate 1 mL/min, UV-Vis detector 370 nm, and injection volume 20 ?L. The value of bioavailability parameters obtained in the parameters Cpmax, Tmax, and AUC of product A is 1.486454 ?g / ml; 1.4 hours and 10.2615291 ?g/ml/h, product B is 1.29224019 ?g/ml; 1.5 hours and 11.30810501 ?g/ml/hour. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the bioavailability profile of the two products is not much different, so it is expected that the effects caused are the same
Proximate and Mineral Composition of Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic Horse Mackerel (Trachurus trachurus)
Get PDFAtlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and Atlantic horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus), locally known as kote, are fishery species consumed in Nigeria due to their high nutritional values. This research determined the nutritional composition of the local dried fish, Scomber scombrus and Trachurus trachurus. Results for Scomber scombrus shows the mean value of the moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein contents in percent (%) as: 5.26±0.00, 5.20±0.10, 35.60±0.00, 2.90±0.10 and 46.30±0.01 respectively. For Trachurus trachurus, the moisture, ash, crude fat, crude fiber, and crude protein contents in percent (%) were 9.52±0.00, 32.26±0.01, 24.14±0.00, 11.91±0.85 and 40.95±0.00 respectively. The mineral composition of Scomber scombrus was as follows: Sodium (Na) had the highest mineral composition with 78.90 mg/100g, followed by magnesium (Mg) with 15.90 mg/100g, manganese (Mn) with 0.86 mg/100g, zinc (Zn) with 0.282 mg/100g, and iron (Fe) with 0.10 mg/100g. Trachurus trachurus has magnesium (Mg) at 27.00 mg/100g as its highest mineral composition, followed by sodium (Na) at 22.50 mg/100g, zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) at 0.17 mg/100g, and manganese (Mn) at 0.09 mg/100g. It is concluded from the study, that Scomber scombrus and Trachurus trachurus are good sources of essential nitrates, fat, proteins containing essential amino acids, and other micronutrients that are beneficial to human health
Development of An Eco-Shampoo Formulation Using Local Environmental Plant Extracts for Healthy Hair as an Effort to Increase the Potential of Environmental Resources
Get PDFThis research aims to develop an eco-friendly shampoo formulation (Eco-Shampoo) by adding local environmental plant extracts for hair health. This research method is a quasi-experimental development of existing shampoo formulations (base formulations) by adding local plant extracts such as aloe vera (Aloe vera L.) and lemongrass oil (Cymbopogon citratus) in three formulations. The resulting shampoo products were then carried out two evaluations, namely the stability test (organoleptic test), foam height observation, viscosity test, pH test, and preference test (hedonic test) by consumers to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of using shampoo. After a storage period of 2 days showed a Stability test, slightly changed color, constant odor, and texture did not change and the pH value was between 5.5 - 6.5. The smear test on the back of the hand and the skin behind the ear did not show skin irritation, whereas the hedonic test, 10 consumers stated that the color was like, the smell was stated like, and the texture was stated quietly. Aloe vera fraction and lemongrass oil can be formulated as a shampoo preparation to maintain hair fertility as well as an anti-dandruff shampoo
Targeting H3N2 Influenza Virus RNA-dependent RNA Polymerase by Using Bioactives from Essential Oils from Eucalyptus polybrachtea, Cymbopogon citratus and Cymbopogon khasianus
Get PDFA dramatic surge of H3N2 influenza virus is of grave concern worldwide and particularly in India. H3N2 cause acute respiratory infection, however, a few drugs are available for its mitigation. Subsequently, researchers have been involved in efforts to discover novel antiviral mechanisms that can lay the basis for new anti-influenza drugs. Influenza virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP) is a multi-functional hetero-trimer, implicated in the production of viral mRNA, hence plays a major role in viral infectivity thus directly associated with survival of the virus. RdRP have been cited as anappropriate target for therapeutic drug design. In the present study molecular docking was designed to estimate the effect of potent bioactive moleculesfrom essential oils from Eucalyptus polybrachtea (eucalyptus oil, EO), Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass essential oil, LEO) and Cymbopogon khasianus (palmarosa essential oil, PEO) against RdRP protein. GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection) based composition profile, and in-silico docking study was conducted by using CB-dock 2 analysis followed by 2D interactions. GC-FID revealed eucalyptol, geranial and geraniolas major phytocompounds in EO, LEO and PEO respectively. The docking score indicated effective binding of ligands to RdRP. Interactions results indicated that, RdRP/ligand complexes form hydrogen, van der waals forces, pi-alkyl, alkyl, and pi-Sigma interactions. Based on above findings of aroma profile and docking, therefore, it was recommended that essential oils from above mentioned aromatic cropsmay represent potential herbal treatment to mitigate H3N2 infections
Antioxidant Activity Test (DPPH) and Cytotoxicity of Jengkol Peel Ethanol Extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) on Shrimp Larvae (Artemia salina Leach)
Get PDFThis study aims to determine the antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa). Jengkol peel ethanol extract (Pithecellobium jiringa) was obtained by maceration using 70% ethanol as a solvent. In the phytochemical screening test it was found that chemical compounds contained in jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) including alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins. The antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract was tested using the 35 ppm DPPH method. The test results on the ethanol extract showed moderate antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 209.45 µg/mL. The cytotoxic activity of the ethanol extract was tested by the BSLT method using shrimp larvae (Artemia salina L.). The results showed that the ethanol extract of jengkol peel (Pithecellobium jiringa) has cytotoxic activity with LC50 value minimum of 17.875 mg/L and LC50 a maximum of 360.714 mg/L with an average of 180.136 mg/L
Synthesis and Characterization of Cinnamon Loaded BSA Microparticles with Antidiabetic Properties
Get PDFConventional medicine that is being used to treat diabetes exert adverse side effects and therefore scientists have focused on natural hypoglycemic agents. “Sri Wijaya” (CCSW) is an accession of Cinnamomum zeylanicum, which shows higher hypoglycemic activity. Pressured water extract of its dried quills can be used as an antidiabetic nutraceutical. Higher stability, ease of storage and transportation, make powder form nutraceuticals more preferred. The objective of this study was to develop cinnamon encapsulated microparticles as a powder form nutraceutical with higher hypoglycemic activity. Four different products were synthesized. Two of them were synthesized using bovine serum albumin (BSA) (8.8 % (w/v), pH=5) in the presence of citric acid and ascorbic acid as cross-linking agents separately. The other products were synthesized using BSA (20 mg/ mL, pH=9) in the presence of same cross-linking agents. Antidiabetic activity of the products was determined using alpha-amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibition assays and compared with that of crude cinnamon extract and positive control acarbose. Since the product synthesized using BSA (20 mg/ mL, pH=9) and citric acid showed the highest alpha amylase inhibition activity, solubility, cinnamon loading percentage and cinnamon entrapment efficiency those conditions were concluded as the optimum conditions required to synthesize microparticles with higher hypoglycemic activity. Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of that product were 1.281 ± (0.004) µm, 0.460 ± (0.018) and -1.09 ± (0.03) mV respectively. According to the SEM image, microparticles have a spherical morphology. The UV-visible spectrum and the FT-IR spectrum confirm the entrapment of cinnamon compounds
Potential Inhibition of ACE2 Membrane Protein by Flavone Glycosides for Blocking Entrance of SARS- CoV-2 into the Cells; a Computational Study
Get PDFSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2), since its emergence in Wuhan city of China in late 2019, had been a dilemma for the global healthcare system. Humongous efforts have been put in ascertaining the effective treatments for attenuation of the spread of corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of this research study is to probe the potential inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) membrane protein by well-known flavone glycosides, hence preventing the binding of spike proteins with ACE2 and subsequent prevention of entry of SARS- CoV-2 inside the cells. The molecular docking analysis, for total ten flavone glycosides was carried out, that laid out propitious results in terms of binding energies towards the active residues of ACE2 protein with a range of -9.3 to -7.1 kcal/mol. The molecular dynamics simulation also yielded promising outcomes. The in-silico toxicity analysis of all the potential drug candidates was carried out that revealed that all the compounds were non-toxic and safe. Studies may be required for optimum formulation development using these compounds as a part of drug discovery and development phenomenon. This study may play a vital part in exploration of natural compounds in pharmacotherapy of COVID-19
Uncovering the Antioxidant Power: Investigating the Skin and Flesh of Crystal Guava with Chloroform and Methanol Extractions and DPPH Assay
Get PDFCrystal guava (Psidium guajava var. crystal) is one type of guava plant that has high economic value due to its thick flesh and few seeds. The crystal guava plant is believed to have antioxidant activity, which is a substance that can prevent the formation of free radicals in the body. This research aims to determine the level of antioxidants in chloroform and methanol extracts of the skin and flesh of crystal guava fruit using the DPPH method. Samples were taken through a stepwise maceration process and solvents of chloroform and methanol, then analyzed using probit analysis and SPSS 25 software. The results of the study showed that both chloroform and methanol extracts of the skin and flesh of crystal guava fruit have antioxidant activity. The results showed that the IC50 value of the chloroform extract of crystal guava fruit skin is 218.88 ppm and is classified as moderate, the methanol extract of crystal guava fruit skin is 89.78 ppm and is classified as strong, the chloroform extract of crystal guava fruit flesh is 270.56 ppm and is classified as weak, and the methanol extract of crystal guava fruit flesh is 185.72 ppm and is classified as moderate
Chemical Properties of Liquid Broth Extracted from Freshwater and Marine Shrimp Shells Waste
Get PDFIndonesia's shrimp industry is growing rapidly, but a surge in shrimp waste such as shells and heads’ shrimps are increasing as well. These waste products contain important components such as protein, minerals, and amino acids. This study aims to determine the chemical properties of liquid broth extracted from freshwater and marine shrimp shells, including ash, protein, fat, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and antioxidant. The liquid broth was extracted by boiling shrimp shells and heads in water with a ratio of 1:2 for 1 hour at 80oC. Results indicate that the type of shrimp used did not affect the broth's ash, fat, protein, MSG, or antioxidant content. Marine and freshwater shrimp liquid broths contain 0.56% and 0.28% ash, 0.10% and 0.50% fat, 2.19% and 1.97% protein, 1.5291% and 1.6274% MSG, and 2263.73 ppm and 2786.2 ppm antioxidant
Effect of Quarry Activities on Some Morphological Parameters of Two Maize Varieties (SWAN 1 and SAMMAZ 52)
Get PDFThe effect of quarry activities on some morphological parameters of two maize varieties (swan 1 and sammaz 52) was investigated with the aim of determining the impact of quarry activities on some growth parameters of the maize varieties under study. The seeds were collected from the Seed Bank Department of the Ondo State Ministry of Agriculture, Akure, Ondo State. They were authenticated at the Herbarium unit of the Federal University of Technology, Akure, and the voucher was deposited. Soil samples were collected at 50m, 100m, 150m, 200m, and 250m from the quarry site and transferred to the laboratory for analysis. A screen house experiment was set up to house the pots. Seeds of SWAN 1 and SAMMAZ 52 were sown into perforated plastic pots (30 cm diameter and 33 cm depth) filled with 10 kg of quarry soil. The following morphological parameters were determined; shoot height, leaf area, plant dry weight, shoot dry weight, root dry weight, root-shoot ratio, leaf area, and determination of photosynthetic parameters especially chlorophylls a and b. The result revealed that at 50 meters from the quarry site, SAMMAZ 52, one of the maize varieties grown in soil taken from the site, had the highest shoot height (94 cm). which showed that plants growing in higher concentrations of dust pollution respond to nutrient stress by devoting more of their available carbon to shoot growth, resulting in elongated stems, were consistent with the observed higher shoot height in SAMMAZ 52, daily variations in photosynthetic activity and the rate of nitrogen uptake are to blame for these alterations in plant behavior. The efficiency with which plants use the available nutrients determines whether they will survive in an area where there is quarry dust. The observed higher biomass (3.84g) under SAMMAZ 52's management regime can be attributed to the best possible rates of photosynthesis and nutrient assimilation, as well as to the presence of more chlorophyll and larger leaf surfaces