Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
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Commercial Incense: Compound Analysis and Its Molecular Docking Studies as Anxiolytic Agents
Get PDFIn the context of Indonesian culture, incense has been traditionally utilized in various rituals. Incense possesses a calming impact and has the potential to reduce anxiety. This physiological response stems from the interplay of chemical components within incense and receptors associated with relaxation, specifically GABAA. This research aims to explore the interaction between substances found in commercially incenses with the GABAA receptors. The compounds of incense were identified through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) analysis. And there were 54 compounds identified from the 5 incense samples. Next, the ligands employed for docking studies were compounds predicted to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There were 31 compounds potential of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Docking results indicated that the majority of tested compounds exhibited notably lower S-scores during receptor interaction, suggesting their potential as anxiety-relieving agents. Furthermore, molecular docking outcomes highlighted that 9-Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester showed the lowest S-score (-6.573). These findings imply that odorant and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in incenses possess the ability to function as anxiety-reducing (anxiolytic) agents, potentially assisting in anxiety treatment
The Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Efficacy of Citrullus lanatus Rind Ethanol Extract Against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans
Get PDFWatermelon (Citrullus lanatus) rind contains secondary metabolite compounds which exhibit antimicrobial effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans can cause tissue damage and bone resorption, leading to aggressive periodontitis. Chlorhexidine as golden standard antimicrobial mouthwash can cause tooth staining. There is a need for herbal remedies with fewer side effects as an alternative treatment for periodontitis. This study aims to determine the antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of C. lanatus rind ethanol extract against A. actinomycetemcomitans. This is an experimental laboratory in vitro with a post-test-only control group design. The antibacterial test was conducted using the plate count method and the antibiofilm test using the microtiter plate biofilm assay method. The samples used were ethanol extract of C. lanatus rind 3.125%, 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100%, chlorhexidine 0.2% as positive control, distilled water, and BHI-B as negative control. As a result, extract concentrations from 12.5% to 100% exhibited antibacterial effects on A. actinomycetemcomitans equivalent to chlorhexidine. During the 3-hour incubation period, extract at 25% and 100% concentrations on all incubation times showed a better antibiofilm effect than chlorhexidine. It can be concluded that ethanol extract of C. lanatus rind had the potential as an alternative antibiofilm agent against A. actinomycetemcomitans
Shrimp Digestive Bacteria Performance for Shrimp Waste Chitin Extraction
Get PDFGenerally, chitin is isolated chemically. An environmentally friendly alternative to chitin extraction is enzymatic extraction. The research aims to determine the effectiveness and optimum conditions for enzymatic chitin extraction of shrimp waste (heads, shells, and tails) using lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and proteolytic bacteria from the shrimp's digestive tract (faeces and intestines). The research stages were isolation, enrichment, and determining shrimp digestion's bacterial colonies, microscopic identification of shrimp digestive bacteria, and determining the effectiveness and optimal conditions for shrimp waste's chitin isolation. Aerobic and Anaerobic Total Plate Count (TPC), LAB, and proteolytic bacteria from shrimp's digestive tract per gram of sample were respectively 5.52 and 5.59 log CFU; 4.76 and 4.56 log CFU; 6.46 and 6.20 log CFU. Microscopic morphology shows that LAB and proteolytic bacteria of shrimp digestive are gram-positive as cocci or rods. The deproteinization value of shrimp waste reached 31%, especially for treatment with a pH of 5.0–7.0 (during proteolytic bacteria fermentation) and pre-treatment of boiling, drying and coarse grinding of shrimp waste (PP2) before extraction. However, the demineralization value of shrimp waste is only 4.5% (PP1) and 3% (PP2), with LAB as the primary fermentation agent because proteolytic bacteria have been unable to reduce the mineral content in shrimp waste further
Exploring Allelochemical Compositions in The Roots of Two Varieties of Anacardium occidentale (Cashew)
Get PDFAllelochemicals are chemicals released by plants that affect other plants and pests. The chemicals are provided by different parts of the plant or released through the natural decomposition of the associated plants. Anacardium occidentale has been reported to exhibit allelopathy. The bark and inner parts of the roots of the two varieties (red and yellow) of Anacardium occidental (Linn) were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for the presence of allelochemicals. The samples were also subjected to Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The qualitative results showed that flavonoids, tannins, and phenols were present in both the bark and inner parts of the roots, whereas alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids were present only in the bark of the roots. The quantitative results showed that while the root bark of the red variety had the highest saponin content, that of the yellow variety had the highest phenol content. The GC/MS results for both samples showed the presence of different compounds, and one of the compound peaks observed in the inner root was not identified; 9,12– octadecadienoic acid (fatty acid) was the compound with the highest composition identified in the yellow variety. Similar compounds were identified in the root bark of the red and yellow varieties, which include 3-Tridecyl phenol with molecular formula C19H32O and molecular weight 276, which occurred at a retention time range of 41.703–41.712 min and had the lowest percentage compositions of 2.816 and 4.732% in red and yellow varieties, respectively. The compounds with the highest percentage compositions of 32.389 and 41.944% in red and yellow, respectively, were identified as (Z)-3-(Heptadec-10-en-1-yl) phenol (molecular formula C23H38O with molecular weight 330), occurring within the retention time range of 48.246 – 48.263 min. Other compounds with higher percentage compositions were identified in the samples, including (Z)-3-(pentadec-8-en-1-yl) phenol and 3-((4Z,7Z)-Heptadeca-4,7-dien-1-yl) phenol. However, 1,2,4,-Benzenetriol (molecular formula C6H6O with molecular weight 252) was only identified in the red variety, with a percentage composition of 8.883%, which occurred at a retention time of 22.040 min. The compounds identified in the bark were mostly phenols, whereas those in the inner roots were more fatty acids
Quantitative Analysis, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Ethanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Microsorium scolopendria (Burm. f.) Copel. in Mice
Get PDFMicrosorium scolopendria, a fern was studied for phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic effects to add credence to its various folkloric applications. Phytochemicals were analyzed quantitatively, anti-inflammatory experiment was carried out with egg albumin- induced paw oedema and xylene-induced ear oedema models while analgesic effects were studied using formalin-induced paw licking, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain models. The results revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, terpenoids, and phenols with alkaloids (14.6 %w/w) as the most predominant phytoconstituent. In anti-inflammatory experiments, M. scolopendria extract reduced oedema caused by egg albumin and xylene in a dose related manner and comparable to standard agents. Also, in analgesic experiments, the extract reduced pain induced by formalin, acetic acid, and hot plate. These reductions were statistically (p?0.05) significant. Considering the fractions in all experiments, butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were prominent in anti-inflammatory effect while ethyl acetate fraction was at top in reduction of pain. This study supports the use of M. scolopendria in ethnomedicinal practice
Antibacterial Activity Screening of Bacillus sp. AM12 Associated with Mangrove Soil
Get PDFThe use of synthetic antibiotics to treat bacterial infections can trigger resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics. One effort to overcome this is to explore microorganisms that produce antibacterial compounds from nature. A previous study reported isolates of Bacillus sp. AM12 from mangrove soil displayed antibacterial potential based on preliminary screening of the perpendicular streak test. This study was designed to confirm the antibacterial potential of Bacillus sp. AM12 uses chemical solvent extraction. Bacillus sp. AM12 was fermented in 100 mL liquid ISP-2 sterile and shaken at 150 rpm for 7 days. The supernatant was filtered from the cell mass using Whatman paper and extracted using 100 mL of ethyl acetate solvent (1:1, v/v) twice. The filtrate was evaporated at 40ºC until a thick, clear yellowish colored extract was obtained. The thick extract was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer method against two Gram positive and two Gram negative bacterial targets. Antibacterial screening showed moderate diameter zone of inhibition of 6.72 ± 0.21 mm, 6.82 ± 0.15 mm, and 6.62 ± 0.21 mm against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Streptococcus mutans FNCC 0405, and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 70060, respectively. However, no antibacterial activity was observed against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. Analysis of the chemical composition of ethyl acetate crude extracts using GC-MS has detected 10 different compounds, in which the 3 most dominant antibacterial compounds were Benzene, 1,2,4-Trimethyl-, Benzene, 1-ethyl-2-methyl- and 2-butoxyethyl acetate. In general, these results provide an initial description of Bacillus sp. AM12 is a potential of antibacterial producer
Bioactivity of Vernonia arborea Leaves from Bentian Tribe as Natural Antioxidant and Antibacterial Based on Local Knowledge
Get PDFThe utilization of natural organic materials as raw materials for standardized medicine, including the use of organic materials in medicine manufacture are currently being encouraged by the Government. Based on the information from Bentian Tribe people, Vernonia arborea leaf or Kutu Bu’ut leaf has the potential to be developed as natural medicine derived from plants. This study explored the potential of V.arborea leaf for its phytochemicals screening by Harborne, Kokate and Senthilmurugan method, antioxidant analysis was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antibacterial analysis was examined using agar well diffusion method against Escherichia coli and Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that the V.arborea leaf contained alkaloid on n-hexan extract and coumarin on ethyl acetate extract. Ethanol extract from V.arborea leaf contained alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tannin, and carbohydrate. Antioxidant activity showed that the highest inhibition by 83% at 50 ppm consentration of ethanol solvent. Antibacterial activity of E. coli and P.acnes showed that the highest inhibition zone by 12 mm and 11 mm at 400 µg/well of ethanol extract. Based on the results, the V.arborea leaf contains natural bioactivity and has potential to be further developed as a natural traditional medicine
Physicochemical Characteristics of Jelly Candy Cinnamon Powder Koerintji Variation of Red Seaweed Carrageenan Concentration
Get PDFJelly candy is a product that has the characteristics of being chewy and varied in texture. Carrageenan, an alternative natural raw material as a gelling agent in jelly candy, is one of the producers of red seaweed carrageenan because it has a very complex composition. Cinnamon contains about 91.88-94.19% cinnamaldehyde as an antioxidant compound. The study aimed to determine the value of the antioxidant activity obtained and the correlation between the cinnamon powder jelly candy Koerintji variety and the addition of red seaweed carrageenan with different concentration variations. The study was conducted using a completely randomized design with two factors. Carrageenan concentrations consist of 3.5% and 5%. The results showed that the concentration of red seaweed carrageenan significantly affected the antioxidant activity value and characteristics of cinnamon jelly candy. The best treatment was obtained at a concentration of 1.5% cinnamon and 5% red seaweed carrageenan with chemical characteristics water content 11.49%, antioxidant activity 50.26%, pH value 4.82%, physical characteristics colour (brightness) 40.72%, texture hardness 2.3%, adhesiveness 3.1%, elasticity 2.76%, colour preference 4.66%, aroma preference, 4.32%, flavour preference 4.66%, elasticity texture preference 4.56%, taste 4.80%, and overall 4.04%
Levels of Oxidative Stress in Rats Treated with Calorie Restrictive Treatment and 50% Sucrose Solution
Get PDFThis study aims to analyze the level of stress oxidative with treatment calorie restrictions and administration of sucrose solution. This study was a laboratory experimental study with 12 male white rats (Wistar strain) as subjects for caloric restrictive treatment and 12 rats for 50% sucrose solution. Where each group of rats is determined by the dependent and independent variables. Using the pre-posttest control design, the dependent variable of caloric restriction, and the independent variable malondialdehyde. The dependent variables used were body weight using a scale, fasting blood glucose using a glucometer, and MDA using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The independent variable used was the administration of 50% sucrose solution. The data were statistically analyzed by T-test analysis. There was no significant decrease in MDA levels in the caloric restriction treatment rats (p = 0.060), besides that there was a significant difference in body weight in both the control and sucrose groups (p 0.05) and there was a significant difference in the sucrose group (p 0.05). There is an effect of calorie restriction on MDA levels. Also, administration of 50% sucrose solution for 4 weeks had a significant effect on the rats' body weight and blood glucose but did not have a significant effect on serum MDA levels
