Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry
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Fermented Feed for Laying Hens: Effects on Egg Quality and the Number of Enteric Pathogenic Bacteria Present
Full text linkEggs are one of the most common food sources for human consumption because they are common, easy to obtain, and nutritious. Eggs contain abundant vitamins and minerals that the human body needs, are a good source of protein and fat and are rich in choline. Despite its high nutritional value, eggs are also one of the leading causes of food poisoning and foodborne diseases in various countries. This is due to contamination in eggs by pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia coli, and Campylobacter bacteria. Fermented chicken feed contains natural probiotics added to the feed, which improves gut health, better absorption of nutrients, inhibits the growth of pathogenic bacteria, enhances the immune response in chickens. This study is conducted to distinguish the diffrence in quality of eggs that can be physically observed in chicken eggs fed with fermented feed compared to chicken eggs fed regular feed, as well as to compare the number of total bacteria and enteric pathogenic bacteria contained in the contents of chicken eggs that includes Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp bacteria. The methods used in this research include observing egg quality comparisons, calculating and comparing the total number of bacteria, and testing for the presence of enteric pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella, spp. using the plate count method. The resulting data was processed using the one-way ANOVA method with a confidence level of 95%. The results of this research show higher egg quality in fermented fed eggs which is characterized by the color of the yolk which tends to be darker yellow to orange and thicker egg shells. The total bacteria count showed that the bacteria was significantly lower in eggs from chickens fed fermented feed. Tests for the number of enteric bacteria showed positive results for E. coli in 1 out of 10 egg content samples from chicken fed with fermented feed, and positive results for E. coli in 2 out of 10 egg samples from chicken fed with regular feed, while test results for Salmonella spp. showed negative results in all samples
Prediction of Artocarpus altilis Potential as an Anti Breast Cancer by Inhibiting EGFR: a Molecular Docking Study
Full text linkReseptor Faktor Pertumbuhan Epidermal (EGFR) merupakan target penting dalam terapi kanker payudara, mengingat perannya dalam proliferasi, motilitas, dan invasi sel tumor melalui jalur pensinyalan penting seperti Ras-MAPK dan PI3K/Akt. Penelitian ini mengeksplorasi potensi senyawa aktif Artocarpus altilis (AA), yang kaya akan flavonoid, sebagai alternatif kemoterapi. Metode docking molekular digunakan untuk memprediksi interaksi antara senyawa AA dan protein EGFR (PDB ID: 2J6M). Validasi docking menunjukkan nilai RMSD sebesar 0,854 Å, yang menunjukkan akurasi tinggi. Asam ellagic menunjukkan afinitas pengikatan terbaik (-8,4 kkal/mol), diikuti oleh Quercetin (-7,3 kkal/mol), Katekin, dan Epikatekin (-7,2 kkal/mol). Analisis residu mengungkapkan bahwa MET793 memainkan peran kunci dalam stabilitas interaksi. Visualisasi interaksi dan prediksi ADMET menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar senyawa memenuhi Aturan Lima Lipinski, tanpa risiko hepatotoksisitas atau mutagenesis. Senyawa potensial seperti Quercetin dan Epicatechin menunjukkan kinerja yang sebanding dengan doxorubicin, tetapi dengan potensi efek samping yang lebih rendah. Hasil ini memperkuat peran senyawa alami sebagai kandidat untuk terapi kanker yang ditargetkan pada EGFR, yang menyediakan dasar untuk pengembangan obat antikanker yang lebih aman dan lebih efektif
Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) Correlation to Middle Ear Disorders
Full text linkLaryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) is a condition where the reflux of gastric contents reaches the laryngopharynx. Several studies have learned that LPR can cause disturbances in the organs around the larynx pharynx and one of the organs affected is the ear. LPR complications in the middle ear can reduce the quality of life of sufferers. Appropriate diagnostic methods are needed to provide appropriate therapy for this complication. To analyze the relationship between Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR) and middle ear disorders. This study was an analytic observational study using a purposive sampling approach where the assessment of correlation tests between variables was tested with SPSS. Results: Demographic data of LPR patients are dominated by female gender (56%) with an age range of 19 - 59 years (80%). The maximum Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) score in LPR patients is 33 and the maximum Reflux Finding Score (RFS) score in LPR patients is 25. An abnormal Tympanogram Width (Tw) picture was found in 64% of LPR patients. Abnormal compliance picture was found in 36% of patients with LPR and abnormal middle ear pressure picture occurred in 12% of patients with LPR. Abnormal middle ear disorders were found in 88% of patients with LPR. Correlation test assessment between RSI score and Tw parameter and correlation between RFS score and middle ear pressure. There was a positive correlation between LPR and middle ear disorders. There is a positive correlation between LPR and middle ear disorders
Application of Taguchi Experimental Design in Optimization of Levulinic Acid Production from Cellulose Derived From Millet Stalk
Full text linkCellulose is the primary component of lignocellulosic biomass and the main source of renewable materials in chemical industry. This study aims at optimizing the production of levulinic acid from cellulose derived from millet stalk using Taguchi experimental design approach. The millet stalks were pretreated by acid and alkali treatment method. The extractives, hemicellulose, lignin, and cellulose contents of the millet stalks were estimated using dry-weight basis technique. Levulinic acid production from the millet stalk was carried out in Teflon lined stainless steel autoclave (50cm3) using standard method. The optimum conditions for the production of levulinic acid were evaluated using Taguchi experimental design method. Levulinic acid was characterized using GC-MS and FT-IR techniques. The cellulose content of the millet stalk was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the other components. FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of O-H, C=O, C-H, and C-O stretch in the levulinic acid. The highest (95%) yield of the levulinic acid was obtained with an acid concentration of 0.2M at 2000C, for 4 hours. The optimum temperature, acid concentration, and time for the production of levulinic acid from the millet stalk were 2000C, 0.2M, and 4 hours, respectively. Levulinic acid is characterized by a range of functional groups.Keywords: Cellulose, Levulinic acid, Millet stalk, Optimization, Taguchi desig
Optimization of Total Polyphenol Content In Herbal Tea Formula Bay Leaves, Cinnamon, and Black Tea
Full text linkPolyphenols are one of the secondary metabolites found in bay leaves, cinnamon and black tea. This mixture is formulated for therapy, one of which is chronic degenerative diseases, such as hypertension. This research aims to optimize the formulation of bay leaves, cinnamon and black tea on total polyphenol levels. This research method includes: determining the polyphenol content of the three simplices, designing the formulation design, determining the optimization of the total polyphenol content of the 14 formulations and the conformation of the selected formula using Design Expert 13. The results of the research obtained the total polyphenol content of bay leaves (49.36 mg GAE/g), cinnamon (61.36 mg GAE/g), and black tea (61.73 mg GAE/g). Optimization of the highest polyphenol content was 58.419 mg GAE/g. The optimal formula conformation consisted of 1 gram of bay leaves, 8 grams of cinnamon and 1 gram of black tea, resulting in a polyphenol content of 59.63 mg GAE/g. The conclusion of this research is the optimization of the highest polyphenol content of 58.419 mg GAE/g with a formulation composition of Bay Leaves 10%, of Cinnamon 80%, and of Black Tea 10%
In Vivo Evaluation of Antidepressant Potential of Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Robb.) Ethanol Extract in Mus musculus
Full text linkTemulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb.) is a medicinal plant from the Zingiberceae family widely used in Indonesia for its various bioactives, including antiviral, antibacterial, and hepatoprotective properties. This research aims to evaluate the antidepressant potential of Curcuma xanthorriza ethanol extract in Mus musculus through in vivo testing. The extraction used the maceration method with 96% ethanol as a solvent, yielding 5.2504% extract. The primary bioactive compounds identified in the extract were terpenoids and curcuminoids, which are known for their neuroprotective and antidepressant effects. The antidepressant activity was assessed using the tail-suspension test (TST) and forced-swimming test (FST), with immobility time as the main parameter. Amitriptyline, a standard antidepressant, was used as a positive control, while sodium carboxymethylcellulose served as a negative control. The results showed that increasing doses of Curcuma xanthorriza extract significantly reduced immobility time, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Statistical analysis revealed that the immobility time in mice treated with a 650 mg/Kg BW dose of Curcuma xanthorriza extract was not significantly different from the amitriptyline group, suggesting comparable efficacy. These findings highlight the potential of Curcuma xanthorriza ethanol extract as a natural antidepressant, warranting further investigation into its mechanisms and clinical applications
Antioxidant Activity Test of Ethanol Extract from The Leaves and Bark of Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) from Distillation Solid Waste Using the DPPH and ABTS Methods
Full text linkOne of the endemic plants of East Kalimantan, kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) belongs to the Dipterocarpaceae family and is typically used by the locals for essential oils. Solid waste is only used as a natural fertilizer, while the leaves and bark of Kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) are often only used for the essential oil extracted. Research on solid waste from distilling kapur (Dryobalanops aromatica) has never been done. This investigation aimed to find the possible concentration of secondary metabolite chemicals and antioxidants in the ethanol extract of solid waste from distilling Kapur leaves and bark (Dryobalanops aromatica). The ethanol extract of Kapur leaves and bark (Dryobalanops aromatica) will undergo phytochemical testing utilizing a qualitative test method to ascertain the presence of secondary metabolite chemicals. The ethanol extract of Kapur leaves and bark (Dryobalanops aromatica) will be tested for antioxidant activity against DPPH and ABTS free radicals using a UV Spectrophotometer. The results of the phytochemical analysis showed that the ethanol extracts from the leaves and bark contained alkaloids, flavonoids and tannin. Triterpenoids are only found in the bark extracts, while saponins and steroids are only found in the leaves extracts. Antioxidant activity of Dryobalanops atomatica extract showed that ethanol extract displayed an ability to inhibit DPPH free radical in both the leaves and bark ethanol extracts, with percentages of 83.24% and 94.91% at 25 ppm concentration, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Dryobalanops atomatica extract showed that ethanol extract could inhibit DPPH free radical in the leaves and bark ethanol extracts, with percentages of 83.24% and 94.91% at 25 ppm concentration, respectively. Antioxidant activity of Dryobalanops atomatica extract showed that ethanol extract display an ability to inhibit ABTS free radical with a percentage of 84.23% at 50 ppm concentration in the leaves extracts, followed by 82.62% percentage of inhibition at 100 ppm concentration. According to the findings of the study, post-distillation solid waste from Dryobalanops aromatica leaves and bark had the potential to develop as a natural antioxidant
Platelet-rich plasma as an Alternative Supplement for Enhancing CD Marker Expression in Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Full text linkThis study aimed to assess the effectiveness of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and fetal bovine serum (FBS) as culture supplements for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated from umbilical cord tissue. The study focused on the efficiency of xeno-free PRP in enhancing cell adhesion and proliferation and looked at cell surface markers for MSC characterization. Until the cells achieved 80% confluency, three repeats of FBS and PRP were added to the culture medium of mesenchymal stem cells derived from umbilical cord tissue in passage 10. Following harvesting, an assay kit for human mesenchymal stem cells was used to color the cells. Using flow cytometry, the surface markers CD73, CD90, CD105, and the negative marker CD44 were evaluated in the samples. Cells supplemented with PRP expressed more positive indicators and fewer negative markers. Whereas the results for CD90, CD105, and the negative marker were insignificant, the expression of CD73 increased significantly. PRP can enhance CD marker expression by acting as a substitute for FBS in the culture of xeno-free umbilical cord-derived MSCs
The Potential of Hanjuang Merah (Cordyline fruticose) Antibacterial Liquid Body Wash
Full text linkThe skin is the outermost layer of tissue that has the function of covering and protecting the surface of the human body. Unhygienic skin will trigger skin infections caused by various microorganisms. One of them is bacteria. Hanjuang merah (Cordyline fruticosa) is a type of plant that is often used as a traditional medicine, especially for the Dayak community. However, research on the use of the Cordyline fruticosa plant in producing liquid body wash formulations that are efficacious as antibacterial against Staphylococcus aureus has not been carried out so far. The purpose of this study is to identify the potential of Cordyline fruticosa as a formulation of liquid body wash formulations and to find the effectiveness of Cordyline fruticosa in inhibiting infections caused by S. aureus bacteria made in the form of liquid body wash. The method used in the extraction is maceration and the manufacture of liquid body wash according to the formulation that has been made, while the disc diffusion method with concentrations of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3) is used in antibacterial tests. Liquid body wash preparations with the largest inhibitory zone level at a concentration of 15% (F3). The concentration of 15% (F3) is effective in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus bacteria which is characterized by the formation of an inhibition zone around the disk
Exclusive Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding on Stunting Children Among 12-24 Months: A Retrospective Study
Full text linkThis study aimed to analyze the relationship between the exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding, as well as the incidence of stunting in children between the ages of 12-24 months. An observational analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach was applied to examine the relationship between independent variables (knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding and complementary feeding) and the dependent variable (stunting). This study was conducted in the working area of the Kota Tengah Health Center working area. The results showed significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.541) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05), as well as a significant relationship between complementary feeding and the incidence of stunting in children (r: 0.332) with a p-value of 0.000 (p-value < 0.05). This study provides valuable information to mothers, highlighting the causes of stunting and promoting preventative measures to minimize its occurrence, such as carrying out consultations at the health care centre with personnel or professionals and addressing cases promptly