Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science
Not a member yet
198 research outputs found
Sort by
DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION OF 1536-PLEX SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM MARKER CHIP FOR GENOME WIDE SCANNING OF INDONESIAN RICE GERMPLASM
Get PDFA successful molecular breeding program requires detailed and comprehensive understanding of the diversity of rice germ-plasm and genetic base of target traits. The objective of this research was to develop the high throughput 1536-SNP chip linked to heading date and yield component traits and used it for genotyping the diverse Indonesian rice germplasm. The genotype data obtained could be used for diversity analysis and genome wide association mapping study. A 1536-SNP genome wide assay was developed using the Illumina’s GoldenGate technology. The SNP markers were selected in the rice genome regions containing heading date and yield component genes or regions where the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of the two traits were mapped. The developed custom SNP chips were then used for genotyping 467 rice accessions showing diversity in heading dates and yield components. The assay can reliably be used for diversity analysis and mapping genes associated with heading date and yield component traits. For 1536-SNP BIO-RiceOPA-1 custom chip designed, a total of 34.832 SNPs distributed in rice genome particularly in the region of heading date and yield component genes or QTLs were identified. A total of 1536-SNP were selected and confirmed to be used for genotyping analysis. Analysis performance and quality of 1536-SNP BIO-RiceOPA1 showed that 60% (918/1536) of total SNP markers had a good differentiating power in scanning the rice accessions tested (MAF > 0.2). The 1536-SNP genome wide assay Illumina’s GoldenGate designed was useful for diversity analysis and could be used as SNP marker for large scale genotyping in rice molecular breeding involving Indica-Indica, Indica-Japonica and Indica-Tropical Japonica crosses
THE USE OF gusA REPORTER GENE TO MONITOR THE SURVIVAL OF INTRODUCED BACTERIA IN THE SOIL
Get PDFAn effective marker to monitor the survival of introduced bacteria in the soil is required for further evaluation of their beneficial effects on plant growth. This study tested the use of gusA gene as a marker to trace the fate of three Gram negative bacteria in the root, rhizosphere, and soil. The study was conducted at the laboratory and greenhouse of the National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Philippines from January to December 2001. Isolates TCaR 61 and TCeRe 60, and Azotobacter vinelandii Mac 259 were selected as test bacteria based on their ability to produce indole-3acetic acid and solubilize precipitated phosphate, which may promote plant growth in the field. These bacteria were marked with gusA reporter gene from Escherichia coli strain S17-1(λ-pir) containing mTn5SSgusA21. The gusA (β-glucuronidase) gene from the donor (E. coli) was transferred to each bacterium (recipient) through bacterial conjugation in mating procedures using tryptone-yeast agar followed by the selection of the transconjugants (bacteria receiving gusA) in tryptone-yeast agar supplemented with double antibiotics and X-GlcA (5bromo-4chloro- 3indoxyl-β-D-glucuronic acid). The antibiotics used were rifampicin and either streptomycin or spectinomycin based on antibiotic profiles of the donor and recipients. The results showed that the insertion of gusA gene into bacterial genomes of the recipient did not impair its phenotypic traits; the growth rates of the transconjugants as well as their ability to produce indole-3acetic acid and solubilize precipitated phosphate in pure culture were similar to their wild types. All transconjugants colonized the roots of hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and survived in the rhizosphere and soil until the late of vegetative growth stage. The distinct blue staining of transconjugants as the expression of gusA gene in media containing X-GlcA coupled with their resistance to rifampicin and streptomycin or spectinomycin made them easier to be recognized and evaluated
COLORIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF COCOA BEANS (Theobroma cacao)
Get PDFA series of studies have been carried out to develop a simple, easy to use, and affordable device to measure the colour of cocoa beans. The present paper reports the development of the device based on colorimetric principles. An electronic device which enables cocoa smallholders to give an objective “onefigure” indication of the quality of their cocoa beans was described. A sensor was constructed which contained a red light emitting diode (LED) illuminating the target and a silicon photodiode detecting the reflected light. Because of the considerable difference in colour between dried unfermented and fermented cocoa beans, the differences in diffuse reflection of red light (660 nm) could be about 20 and very easy to measure. The method was checked with a spectrophotometer in the fixed mode at 660 nm, which revealed a high correlation coefficient. The sensor was combined with a microprocessor controlled electronic device for fast measurement of cocoa beans without any calculations which automatically counts the number of measured beans and gives the resulting average reflection value
PROTOPLAST FUSION BETWEEN WHITE AND BROWN OYSTER MUSHROOMS
Get PDFGenetic crossing of white oyster mushroom (Pleurotus floridae) to introduce longer storage life trait can only be done within individuals in this particular species. However, longer storage life trait is possessed by brown oyster mushroom (Pleurotus cystidiosus). Therefore, a protoplast fusion experiment between white and brown oyster mushrooms was conducted to obtain an oyster mushroom strain showing high productivity and long storage life. The experiment was done at the biology laboratory of the University of Al Azhar Indonesia from May 2008 to August 2009. Protoplast fusion was done by isolating protoplast from 5-day old monokaryotic mycelia grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB). Around 3.15 x 105 protoplasts ml-1 were harvested using mixture of cellulase Onozuka R-10 (1%) and macerozyme R-10 (1%) from brown oyster mushroom with 80.61% viability. Similarly, 3.71 x 105 protoplasts ml-1 were harvested using lysing enzyme (2%) from white oyster mushroom with 83.68% viability. Protoplast fusions were conducted using 40% PEG6000 for 10 minutes. The candidate fusants were then screened using minimum regeneration media (MRM). There were 22 colonies grew on MRM media and four colonies (FS1, FS2, FS3, and FS4) showed clamp connection as well as primordia formation to be chosen as candidate fusants. However, isozyme studies using malate dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase as marker enzymes confirmed that only FS1 and FS2 were the hybridized products. The two colonies showed different mycelia growth patterns and hyphae sizes, fruit body morphology and productivity compared to their parents. These two fusants, however, did not indicate the presence of longer storage life trait as expected despite a higher productivity achieved by FS1. In this study, the protoplast fusion only yielded higher productivity strain of mushroom with different colors without any changes in storage life
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TRIBAL BEAN (Canavalia virosa) AND ITS ALTERNATIVE TOFU AND TEMPEH FOOD PRODUCTS
Get PDFIncreasing price of soybean becomes a serious problem for producers of traditional foods such as tempeh and tofu. These traditional foods are important protein sources for many Indonesian people. Tribal bean (Canavalia virosa) could be used as a substitution of soybean for tempeh and tofu processing. This study aimed to determine physico-chemical characteristics of tribal bean and its products such as tofu and tempeh. Tribal bean old pods were peeled manually in the Postharvest and Agricultural Machinery Laboratory of the Yogyakarta AIAT. The peeled seeds were dried until 10% water content and their epidermis were removed mechanically by using an abrasive peeler to produce yellowish clean peeled beans. The beans were analyzed physically and chemically using the standard prosedure. Since the tribal bean seeds contained high HCN, to minimize HCN content the beans were presoaked for 48 hours in water. The beans were then mixed with soybean at a ratio of 50:50 or 25:75 and processed for making tempeh and tofu using traditional method. Physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the tribal bean tempe and tofu were analysed, involving organoleptic test with hedonic method, texture, as well as water, ash, protein and crude fiber contents. The results showed that tribal bean contained protein (37.30%), essential amino acids, minerals and fiber (3.1%), and a toxic substance HCN. Presoaking the beans in water for 48 hours significantly reduced HCN content by 98.51%, from 1334 ppm. Tofu made of a mixture of tribal bean and soybean at a ratio of 25:75 plus 2% rice vinegar as a coagulant has a white color and normal flavor appearances, and was accepted by panelists. The tribal bean tempeh contained 78.1% water, 1.21% ash, 8.14% protein, 3.1% crude fiber, and 44 ppm HCN. Tempeh made of a mixture of tribal bean and soybean at ratios of 50:50 and 25:75 showed good characters (flavor, taste, color, and texture) and panelist acceptance, as well as nutrition values (76% water, 2.71% ash, 14% protein, 0.25% crude fiber, and 14% lipid). However, HCN content in the tofu was still higher (85 ppm HCN) than the recommended maximum value of 50 ppm. This study suggests that tribal bean is more suitable for tempeh than for tofu based on its HCN content
HARDNESS PHENOMENON IN BEACH PEA (Lethyrus maritimus L.)
Get PDFBeach pea is mostly grown on seashores and it contains higher amount of protein than other legumes. However, the pea has several undesirable attributes, such as long cooking time and hard to germinate (imbibitions) that limited its use as food. The present investigation aimed to study the physico-chemical properties, cooking characteristics and hull crude fibre structure of beach pea as compare to other similar legumes. Standard methods of processing pulses were used for present study. Beach pea seeds contained very low grain weight, density, hydration capacity, hydration index, swelling capacity and swelling index than the green pea and field pea. Beach pea had higher amount of crude protein, ash, crude fibre and polyphenols, but lower in starch content than the green pea and field pea. Without any treatment to beach pea seeds the water uptake capacity was very low. Mechanical treatment to beach pea seeds increasedthe water uptake percentage. The recovery of hull was 3 to 6 times higher in beach pea than that of green pea and field pea. The crude protein content in beach pea hull was 2-5% higher than others. The beach pea hull, dhal and whole seeds were good source of macro- and micro- minerals than that of the other two peas. The electron microscopic structure of beach pea hull crude fibre showed a very close and compact structure than green pea and field pea hull crude fibre structure. Lowering the hardness of beach pea seeds with mechanical or chemical treatments will give more scope for their utilization in the human nutrition
COMBINING EFFECTS OF CULTURAL PRACTICES AND RESISTANT CULTIVARS ON REDUCING THE INCIDENCE OF Meloidogyne spp. AND Thrips palmy Karny ON POTATO
Get PDFRoot-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) and melon thrips (Thrips palmy Karny) are two serious pests on potato. These pests are conventionally controlled with synthetic pesticides. Cultural practices based on integrated pest management (IPM) are alternative methods to control these pests. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of combined applications of cultural practices and potato cultivars in reducing the incidences of nematode and thrips. Treatments evaluated were methods of nematode and thrips control by implementing IPM and conventional practices. A split-plot randomized complete block design with four replications was sed. The main plots were IPM or cultural practices (subsoiling, soil solarization and use of trap crop of marigold Tagetes erecta) and conventional practices using synthetic pesticides. The subplots were five potato cultivars, i.e. No. 095 (Herta x FLS–17), 720050/Kikondo, 676068/ I.1085, Granola, and Atlantic. The results showed that applications of cultural practices in combination with potato cultivars reduced Meloidogyne spp. population and potato tuber damage by 53.70% and 61.36%, respectively, as well as a significantly decreased thrips population. In the cultural control plots, thrips populations were below the action threshold (10.0 nymphs per leaf), therefore no single application of pesticide was used. This was in contrast to the conventional control treatments where insecticide was spayed 10 times until harvest. The subsoiling and solarization cut off the life cycle of the thrips and any survive thrips were trapped by marigold plant. Population of T. palmi on the five potato cultivars differed significantly; the lowest population was found on the cultivars No. 095 (Herta x FLS-17) and 676068/I.1085. The cultural control practices combined with potato cultivar No. 095 (Herta x FLS–17) were the best treatment for controlling Meloidogyne spp. and T. palmi on potato and also produced the highest yield (31.01 t ha-1). The study suggests that cultural control practices in combination with resistant cultivars are recommended as a suitable IPM
IDENTIFICATION OF RICE (Oryza sativa L.) VARIETIES SUITABLE FOR DRY SEASON AND WET SEASON PLANTING
Get PDFRice planting on dry and wet seasons faces a specific climatological characteristic, which affects directly on rice growth and yield. Fifteen rice genotypes were evaluated for their seasonal planting adaptation at Sukamandi Experimental Station, Subang, West Java, during the dry and wet seasons of 2009-2010. Randomized complete block design with three replications was applied on the experiment. Plot size was 4 m x 6 m and plant spacing was 20 cm x 20 cm. Standard agronomic practices were applied on both planting season experiments. Data were collected for major morphological traits, days to grain maturity and grain yield, measured on wet and dry basis (11% moisture content). Data were analysed for analyses of variance for each season and for combined seasons, and mean values separation of the variable used the 5% Duncan Multiple Range Test. Correlation between grain yields and morphological variable data were computed for each season and for combined seasons. The correlation coefficients of variables and grain yield were partitioned into direct and indirect causes using path analyses. Combined analyses of variances indicated significant effects of genotypes, seasons and genotypes x seasons interaction for almost all variables, including grain yields, suggesting there were seasonal adaptation specificity among genotypes. Five genotypes were identified as suitable for dry season planting, and nine genotypes as suitable for wet season planting. Among those genotypes, three genotypes, namely Mekongga, Inpari-10 and OM 5240 were suitable for both dry and wet season planting. Ciherang and Cigeulis varieties were more suitable for dry season, while Cibogo, Inpari-1, Inpari-3, Inpari-5, and Inpari-8 were more suitable for wet season planting. Adopting the most productive rice varieties for planting on dry or wet season as was suggested on this research should increase rice production substantially. To facilitate the availability of varieties adapted for a specific planting season, rice breeding should purposedly apply a directional selection of lines suitable for specific planting season, starting on the early generation of selection
SEDIMENT TRAPPING BY TERRACED PADDY FIELD ON SLOPPING AGRICULTURAL LAND
Get PDFTerraced paddy field is not only important for rural food security, but also for trapping sediment in the slopping land. The aims of this research were to quantify the amount of incoming and outgoing sediments and to study sediment movement behavior during harrowing and fertilizing under traditional irrigation of terraced paddy field system. This study was carried out at Keji Village, Semarang District, Central Java during two cropping seasons, a wet season 2003/04 and a dry season 2004. A paddy field with eight terraces was selected. The terraces were flat, different in size and descending to the river. Sediment samples were taken at harrowing and fertilizing activities. The results indicated that at harrowing, outgoing sediment was higher than incoming both during the wet and the dry seasons. About 0.53 and 0.27 t ha-1 day-1 of soil were eroded during harrowing in the wet and the dry seasons, respectively. However, a week before and after fertilizing, both in the wet and the dry seasons, the amounts of incoming sediment were higher than the outgoing one. In the wet season, the amounts of incoming sediments were three to four times higher than the outgoing one, both a week before and after fertilizing. During the wet season, about 0.31 and 0.34 t ha-1 day-1 of sediment was yielded a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. During the dry season, the incoming sediments were ten times higher than the outgoing one. On an average the sediment yields were about 0.07 and 0.08 t ha-1 day-1 a week before and after fertilizing, respectively. Terraces having greater areas deposited more sediment than those with smaller sizes. During a week before and after first fertilizing, the total amounts of incoming sediments were 6.44 and 1.19 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, while that of outgoing sediments were 1.89 and 0.14 t ha-1 for the wet and dry seasons, respectively. This indicates that terraced paddy fields are not only producing rice, but also providing environmental service in term of sediment trapping. This external service minimizes sedimentation in the downstream.
VARIATION IN RICE TUNGRO VIRUS TRANSMISSION ABILITY BY GREEN LEAFHOPPER, Nephotettix virescens DISTANT (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE) ON RICE RESISTANT VARIETIES
No full textGreen leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens, is the most efficient vector of rice tungro virus disease. The disease is endemic in some provinces of Indonesia and commonly con-trolled using resistant varieties. Resistance of rice varieties to tungro could be classified into resistance to a virus and a vector. The history of GLH resistant varieties adoption affected the GLH adaptation in an area. The study was conducted in the period of 2009-2011 to evaluate the resistance status of five GLH resistant rice variety groups (T0-T4) using survival and transmission test. The GLH populations were collected from 15 tungro endemic provinces in Indonesia. The GLH was then reared in the greenhouse before used for the test. The degree of resistance to tungro viruses was calculated by adding the value of survival (weight x score of survival rate) and virus transmission rate (weight x score of transmission rate). The weights for survival and transmission rate were set to 40 and 60, respectively. The results showed that the rank of resistant variety groups in decreasing order of resistance were T4, T1, T2 and T3. Five variations in GLH transmission efficiency were identified, i.e. 170, 070, 050, 030 and 010. GLH populations from Bali and West Nusa Tenggara were the most efficient vector for rice tungro virus. We concluded that there were diversities in the degree of resistance among GLH resistant varieties. Variation in virus transmission efficiency (biotype) among GLH populations collected from various tungro endemic areas closely related to the history of adoption of rice varieties