Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science)

Mangoendidjojo, Woerjono

Perbandingan Antara Klon Teh Gpps-I/2678 danTRI-2025

Prajitno, Djoko

A Proposed Crop Yield Model

Notohadiprawiro, Tejoyuwono

Suatu Ungkapan Tentang Sifat Tanah yang Menumpu Candi Borobudur

Jutono, Jutono

215
Soybean-inoculation with appropriate strains of R&rzo bium japonicum is important in Indonesia and should notbe over looked. Inoculation of Soybean is recommended when intiodu"ing ;;r;;;n to newly cultivated area, where
soybeans have never been grown. Inoculation with soil from soybeanfi.ld huu. been recomended since time im-memorial in Indonesia but the attention to increase the efficiency oi soybean-rhizobia symbiosis r,ur"J 
"r.rrilrgr.with the extention of cultivated area for transmigrant outside Java which are mostly poor in soybean-rhizobiapopulation, attempt have been made to provide the transmigrant farmers with Rhizobium_ inoculant.
That soybean inoculation is important one can follow the experience of some estate, e.g. a "soybean Estate" in
Palembang which use Rhizobium-inoculant to avoid failure in their production.
THE APPLICATION OF RHIZOBIUM.INOCULANT ON
SOYBEAN IN INDONESIA*)
Jutono **)
Abstract
*) 
Pup., Presented at the Regional Workshop on Research Advances in Agricultural Microbiology in South East
Asia. 24 - 27 Nov. 1981, Bogor, Indonesia.
") S.nio, Lecturer, Dept. of Microbiology, Fac. of Agric. Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
Abstrak
Dalam usaha meningkatkan produksi kedelai di Indonesia, upaya inokulasi dengan strain-strain Rhizobiumjaponicum yang paling cocok merupakan salah satu upaya penting yang tidak dapat diabaikan.
Pada penanaman kedelai di daerah baru yang belum pernah ditumbuhi kedelai inokulasi dianjurkan agartanaman kedelai yang ditanam di daerah baru itu terjamin pirbintilan akarnya.
Kapankah arti dan makna inokulasi serta perbintilan akar pada tanaman kedelai telah diperhatikan oleh petanidi Indonesia, tidaklah dapat ditetapkan dengan pasti. Dari beberapa informasi dapat diduga bahwa petani tradisionaltelah mempraktekkan pemindahan tanah (dalam jumlah kecil) yang pernah ditumluhi kedelai ke tanah baru yang un-tuk pertama kalinya akan ditanami kedelai.
Perhatian ke arah meningkatkan efisiensi simbiosa kedelai-Rhizobium denganpenelitian-penelitian di Indonesia,baru dimulai pada tahun 1936.
Dengan perluasan areal p.ertanian di luar Jawa yang berhubungan dengan program transrnigrasi, suatu programinokulasi pada kedelai telah dimulai pada tahun 1979.
Program ini merupakan kerjasama antara Proyek Pembinaan Pertanian Pangan Daelah Transmigrasi (p3DT)dengan Lab. Mikrobiologi Fakultas pertanian Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Bukti tentang pentingnya masalah inokulasi pada kedelai, pengalaman yang ada pada perusahaan yangmengusahakan kedelai secara besar-besaran di Palembang (P.T. PATRATANI) dapat digunakan sebagai acuan. un-tuk menghindari kegagalan dalam produksi serta mengurangi ataupun meniadakan penggunaan pupuk nitrogen, per-bintilan akar yang baik harus terjamin.
Di dalam makalah ini disajikan pula penjelasan tentang seleksi beberapa strain Rhizobium japonicumdan caramembuar inokulum Rhizobium.
I
Ilmu Pert. (Agric. Sci.) 3(5) 1982
F
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216
THE APPLICATION OF RHIZOBIUM.INOCULANT ON SOYBEAN
IN TNDONESTA
Introduction
The importance of soybean-inoculation with appropriate Rhizobium japonicum
strains in Java was informed by Toxopeus in 1936 (Toxopeus 1936, 1938). De Jongh
(1941) reported that inoculation with ihizobia is necessary when introducing soybean
to new area where soybean have never been grown, particularly on "alang'alang" 
(Im-
perata cytindrica) fields outside Java'
keleney (1959) and Newton(1961) have alsoindicated that in many areas in Indonesia
the soybean piants were not so well nodulated. A respons to inoculation with soybean
inoculant have been indicated in their observations'
il;;;i;t oinoaufution on soybean in some parts of Central Java can be improved
uv inocutation with appropriate Rhizobium iaponicum isolates that have been
isolated from local ua.ieties of soybeans (Jutono 1969a). The average nodulation
;;;ftr1;Bur,o1and Curley 1965) were 2.1for the uninoculated plants and 2.3 for
the inoculated ones.
Most of the soybean in Indonesia were growR on rice fields and only a few on dry
land. There are two main pattern of soybean cultivation that are practiced by the In-
donesian farmers. The very extensive culturing pattern and the intensive one' The ex-
tensive pattern which is stitt practiced in some parts of Java is the most simple one'
e.g. theioybean seeds were just sown after rice harvesting without any soil tillage 
(see
also De Vries 1932). Growing soybean in rice fields has some advantage, in that 
the
plant could benefitted the reiidual effects of previous applied fertilizers for the rice
;ilr. fo itr.r.*" the soybean yield in Indonisia the intensibe pattern is recomend-
ed, and more attention should be given to optimize the soybean-rhizobia symbiosis,
besides the applications of nonnitrogenous fertilizers (phosphorus and potasium)'
pest control and population density trials.
STATE OF THE LEGUME.RHIZOBTA SYMBIOSIS STUDIES IN TNDONESIA
The spiralling cost of nitrogenous fertilizers require that we increase our atten-
tion on the biological nitrogen fixation and its application
The Minister of state in Research and Technology of Indonesia has proposed to
the tndonesian Institute of Science to establish a Nation Wide Program in Research
and Development on Biological Nitrogen Fixation. A workshop was held.at lli,N"-
tional Biological Institute/indonesian Institute of Science in Bogor on the 29tn of
April, 1981 to initiate the aforementioned program'
Thirty participants, representing 4 universities and 7 research institutions have attend-
ed the workshop. From the reports presented in the work shop, 3l on going research
projects conducted by universiiies and research institutions can be identified' Nine of
which are research on aspects of the soybean rhizobia sypbiosis, seven projects are 
on
aspects of free-living nitiogen fixing organisms and 5 on other legume-rhizobia sym-
biosis.
I
217
(
The results of the workshop was a document of a Nation Wide Program on the
research and development on Biological Nitrogen Fixation to be proposed to Minister
of State in Research and Development of Indonesia.
On the 24th of Septernber l98l a meeting was held at the Pajajaran University in
Bandung as the follow up of the workshop previously held. Nineteen reports on
legume-rhizobia symbiosis and 5 reports on nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixing organisms
were discussed.
It can be concluded sofar that progress have been made, and by integrated effort
valuable results will be obtained, particularly the practical aspects of the biological
nitrogen fixation in support of our agriculture.
THE PRACTICE OF INOCULATION WITH R.HIZOBIA ON SOYBEAN
(PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS)
General
The literature survey has indicated that attention on the efficiency of nitrogen
fr-xation of the soybean-rhizobia symbiosis in Java (Indonesia) started in 1936 (see
Toxopeus 1936). From various sources University is assigned to provide soybean-
Rhizobium inoculant for the transmigrant farmers outside Java.
A peat-clay base Rhizobium-inoculant have been produced in our laboratory.
This type of inoculant were distributed to the transmigrants is small policelonium bag
and were provided with procedures of application which was printed on the bag.
The quality of the inoculant is the some as the one supplied for the soybean plan-
tation of the P.T. Patratani in Palembang by our laboratory. Since 1978 this planta-
tion have been using this type of inoculant.
The production of inoculant
Inoculant can take the form of liquid or solid cultures. Liquid culture is easy to
produced but the bacteria do not survive well (Vincent 1970).
Solid materials such as agar, compost, coir dust, peat or peat-soil are used as the
carrier of the solid bacterial cultures.
a. The isolation and selection of the Rhizobium
The methods of isolation and selection of Rhizobiarn strains in our laboratory
were as follows :
The source of the Rhozobium strains were healthy root nodules from local
varieties of soybean and from imported soybean varieties of the Intsoy Program
Trials in Central Java. The isolations were conducted by conventional method (Allen
l 953).
After the performance trials in pot cultures, the nitrogen activity of the
nodulated plants were assayed by Gas Liquid Chromatograph (see Wacek 1976). Out
t
D
I
-.t
218
l
of 164 isolates of Rhizobium for soybeans, 25 were classified as the promising m.
Further elucidation on several soybeans (including var,27,.var.29, Taichung; Ortq
Improved Pelican Americana, and 4 for other local varieties of soybeans) condudcd
that 10 isolates were able to produce effective nodules on all varieties tested. The
average nodulation rating were not less than 2.5 (see Burton and Curley 196r. It is ir
dicated also that certain varieties have some preference to some isolates. Th€se
selected isolates are the strains of Rhizobium to be used for the preparation of in-
oculant, singly or in the form of composite cultures.
b. The production of inoculant
We have used the biphasic system for growing rhizobia for the preparation of the
peat-clay base inoculant (see Jutono 1969b). The biphasic growth system consisted
simply of a layer of solid medium overlaid medium in Erlenmeyer flasks. Concen-
trated liquid cultures can be obtained with this method (see table l). Bacterial cells in
the liquid phase is still easy to be suspended in water then bacterial cells (Rhizobium)
from agar slant cultures.
Table l.
v-
Growth of Rhizobium japonicum (strain Rh. 16) in the biphadc growth
system with various agar : broth ratio ,
A
Ratio of
agor :
broth
Agrr Broth Number of
cells per ml
(x101 st 1
week in the
flasks
Total number
of cells in the
liquid phase
(x 10e) at 1
week
liumber of
cells per ml
in the biphe-
sic flesks
(x 10e) et 1
week
(ml)(ml)
;
2
3
4
0
0
l5
20
30
30
l0
l5
l5
l0
l0
7.50
0.29
0.31
6.31
7.73
20.50
24.92
2.90
4.65
97.50
77 3A
205.00
186.90
0,29
0.31
3.25
2.58
.51.20
49.80
fl
t) Volume of flasks 150 ml; Mannitol Yeast Extract as culturing medium The cultures were
incubated at room temperature (28-30"C) and were shaked on a shaking machine for 6
hours each day during incubation period.
Cell numberswere average of triplicates of surface planting on Manitol Yeast Extract agar.
4
219
Table 2. Yields of R. japonicum isolates in the biphasic system with agar : broth
ratioof3:l*)
Strain No. Origin of the isolates
(variety of soybean)
Number of cells per ml
after5days(119e;**;
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
ll.
12.
13.
t4.
15.
16.
17.
Yar.29
ditto
ditto
from Treub Lab Bogor
ditto
Taichung
ditto
soybean Intsoy Program
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
ditto
Var. Orba
ditto
Local var. black seed
ditto
3.1
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
4.1
2.2
2.9
4.2
3.7
3.5
2.8
0.9
0.8
3.2
0.5
3.4
a
-\r
i
*) Cultures in 150 ml flasks, incubated at room temperature.
**) Initial cell concentration, ld cells per ml.
The ratio of volume of agar : liquid phase and the depth of the agar were the critical
value in the biphasic growth system (see Elizabeth A. Tyrrell et at 1958). The optimum
ratio should be determined experimentally. With 250 ml flasks, 150 ml agar medium
overlaid with 45 ml liquid medium are considered satisfactory in our laboratory.
For the preparation of peat clay base medium, a mixture composing of 90 per
cent of peat and l0 percent of clay (Grumusol) were mixed throuroughly and lime
(powder) were added to obtain a final pH of 7.0 after one week incubation.
Sterilized liquid medium composing of mannitol, K2HPO4, Mgso47H2o and Nacl
were added to the sterilized peat-clay mixture and steril water were added to obtain a
final mixture content of 5090 (wet base). A diluted suspension taken from the liquid
phase of the biphasic growth system of the Rhizobium culture were inoculated into
the aforementioned peat clay base medium. After two weeks of incubation at room
temperature the culture is ready to use.
The shelf-live of the peat culture is presented in table 3.
a
'-
220
Table 3. Shelf-life of peat cultures at storage 
temperature
Strorage
TemPerature
28 - 30"c
4'c
Yar. of soY-
beans
Yr.29
Orba
Local var.
(black seed)
Improved
Pelican
1.2 x 108
l l x 108
Treatment
of seed *)
9.2 x 107
8.7 x 107
Number of
plants
examined
69
75
7l
80
80
68
62
10
cells
7.3 x 106
7.6 x 107
Total number
of nodules
5.1 x 105
8.9 x ld
Numbers of viable Rhizobium
0 month 1 month 3 months
after incubation Period of 
*)
6 months 9 months
3.2 x 103
5.7 x 106
*) Average of triplicates, and expressing the cell 
number for I gram of peat clay
base inoculant
THE RESULTS OF RHIZOBIUM-INOCULANT 
APPLICATIONS
Theroleofsymbioticnitrogenfixationofsoybean+hizobiaSymbiosismaynotbe
overlooked. tno.rulio-n-*iit uipropriurJrrrrin 
s"of Rhizobium japonicum will ensure
earlier nodulation and an earlier start 
oi ,i,r*., fixation' In table 4 is shown that
direct contact of tn.'i.t iroUi,rrn and the root 
is necessary and that dissemination of
ihe rhizobia in the soil is limited'
Table4.Theeffectofinoculatedplantstotheuninoculatedones,plantedinthe
same pot at 20 cm distant (In sterilized 
soils)'
132
641
126
701
99
570
80
502
Ratio of
nodulated
unnodulat'
ed plants
25 :44
6t:12
30:41
66:14
34:46
5l: l7
20:42
56:14
Average
rat'
ing of no-
dulated
plants
0.6
3.4
0.5
3.6
0.5
3.8
0.7
3.1
*) Uninoc. means uninoculated of four selected strains of' il. means inoculated with a composite inoculant' composlng
Rhizobium jaPonicum
Uninoc.
inoc.
Uninoc.
inoc.
Uninoc.
inoc.
Uninoc.
inoc.
22r
Improvement of the nodulation quality'is obvious when the plants are provided with
its suitable partners of Rhizobium although the soil harbour already Rhizobium
bacteria.
From another trial on soil of low fertility level it was apparent that inoculation
improve the performance of the plants. There is an increase in the number of pods
and seed produced and some improvement on the seed quality (see table 5).
Tabte 5. The effect of inoculation on pods and seed production of field grown
soybean (Soybean var. Orba).
v
Treatmenl
Average nodu-
lation rating
Number of
pods for
100 plants
Number of
seeds for
100 plants
Dry weight
of seeds for
100 plants
(grams)
Weight of
10fi) seeds
(grams) **)
Uninoculated
Inoculated
))
3.4
2,988
4.563
7,495
10,95'l
616. l
930.3
2
,
8l
95
-C
**) The weight of 1000 seeds used was I14.7 grams
The results of the application of inoculant on soybean is not yet complete, but positive
results have been informed.
From the PATRATANI in Palembang which have been using Rftleobium in-
oculant, satisfactory results have been informed to us. The average yield of their soy-
bean crops were not less then 2.1 ton dry seeds per hectare' We have provide
Rhizobium inoculant for this estate the end of 1978'
A positive results was also reported from Seed Farm [, Unit II Transmigration
Project Batu Raja, Martapura (South Sumatra) by Budianto and lbnu Subroto(per-
son;l communication). The average increase in yield were ranging from l'5 to 2'0
times by using the Rh.izobium inoculant. Before the supply of Rhizobiurz iunoculant
the farmers in this area were advised to used soil inoculant (taken from previous
grown soybean fields). The recomended dose for soil inoculant is I kilogram soil for
every 9 kg seeds"
Sofar there are only some reports indicating no effect (or respons) on soybean
production by using Rhizobium inoculant. Before further conclusions can be drawn
data is srill needed. The possibility is that the soil harbour already with appropriate
fizobium strains for the soybean varieties used in that area.
CONCLUSION
t
An increased attention on Biological Nitrogen Fixation
An coordinated effort to apply the available knowledge of
tion in agriculture is of paramount importance.
is indicated in Indonesia.
Biological Nitrogen Fixa-
I
222
The practical asDects of Nitrogen Fixation, particularly the legume-rhizobia sym-
biosis should be popularized. Legume should be treated as a particular group of
plants posessing the ability to fix N2 form the air.
Application of selected strains of legume-bacteria (rhizobia) by improved method
of inoculation may well be one of the simpelst and most economic ways of increasing
the yields of soybeans in this country.
REFERENCES
l. Allen, O.N. (1953) Experiments in Soil Bacteriology. Burgess Publ'
Ohms Lane. MinneaPolis.
2. Burton, J.C., and Curley, R.L. (1965) Comparative efficiency of liquid and
peat-base medium inoculant for field grown soybean. Agron. J. 57 :379-
3. De Jongh, Ph. (1941) Leguminosen en Rhizobia. Landbouw 17 :844.
4. De Jongh, Ph. (1943) Nota over het belang voor de praktijk van het enten
van leguminosenzaaizaad met reincultuur van knolletjesbakterieen. Yersl.
Plantkundige Institute Bogor.
5. De Vries, E. (1932) De cultuur van kedelee op Java. Londbouw 7 : 597
6. Elizabeth A Tyrrell, Mac Donald., R.E. Gernhardt, P. (1958) Biphasic
system for growing bacteria in concentrated culture. J.Bacteriol. 7521.
7. Jutono (1969a) Biphasic system for growing legume-bacteria and a simple
method of preparing legume inoculant. Res. J. 2,3,1.
g. Jutono (1969b) A study on Soybean inoculation. Agric. sci. I (3) : 101.
9. Keleney, G.P. (1959) The development of Leguminous crops in Indonesio'
FAO. ETAP. Report 1894. FAO of the UN (Rome)'
10. Newton, J.D. (1961) FAO ETAP Report 1448. FAO of the UN (Rome).
11. Somaatmadja, S. (1976) Kedelai. Soeroengan, Jakarta' 49pp'
12. Toxopeus, H.J. (1936) Over physiologische specialisatie by knolletjes bakte-
rieen van kedelee op Java. Versl. t6de vergadering Proefstation personeel.
Jember.
13. Toxopeus, H.J. (1938) Over het voorkomen van knolletjes bakterieen van
kedelee in verband met wenshenlijkheid van enten van het zaaiziaad. Lond'
bouw 14 : 197.
14. Vincent, J.M. (1970) A manuol of the practical study of root nodule bacteria
IBP Handbook No. 15.
15. Wacek, T.J., and Winston, J.B. (1976) Simple and rapid assay for screening
nitrogen fixation in soybean. Crop Sci. 16 : 519.
!


English

The Application of Rhizobium-Inoculant On Soybean in Indonesia

Suparyono, Suparyono

Hifni, Hartini Ramlan

Horino, Osamu

rssN 01.26 * 4214
ILMU PERTANIAN
@sricttlturol Scien ce)
Jitid
(Volume III
Nomor 5
Number 5
Desember 1982
December l9E2)
ISI:
(Contents)
Suparynno; [Iartini Ramlan flifni and Osamu Horino
The Bacterial pathotype group which attacks the IR 20 group variety . . . . .
Sismadi
Pengaruh jumlah daun bibit saat tanam rerhadap pertumbuhan tanaman tern-
bakau Vorstenlands (The influence of number of leaves of tobacco seedlings
at tranplanting on plant growth of the Vorstenlands tobacco)
Catatan singkat (Short Notes)
G. Panggabean
Kadar vitamin C beberapa jenis buah citrus yang berasal dari Indonesia (The
VitaminCcontentofcitruswithreferencetoIndonesia).
Julono
The Application of Rhizobium-inoculant on soybean in Indonesia . . . .
Jean Paul Malingreau
comments on "Pemairan dan pemetaan tanah serta pengharkatan lah:.n
daerah transmigrasi" by Tejoyuwono Notohadiprawiro
Srnpllmartl of
rAcutTY 0F AGnlCULrltfir H$n.AnY
&Edjrh Mnda tjtrivrrsi{y
Halaman
(Fage)
195
203
i23
249
Y f rkar ls -.- i;r,l;:r a ji{
r''
I
a
195
t
THE BACTERIAL PATHOTYPE GROUP WHICH ATTACKS
tHE IR 20 GROUP VARIETY *)
Suparyono**), Hartini Ramlan Hifni***) and Osamu Horino 'r***)
Abstract
Bacterial Leaf Blight, caused by Xanthomonos campestris pv. oryzae (former name, Xonthomonas oryzoe
(U & I) Dowson is one of the most important rice diseases in Indonesia.
To study the pathotype changes of this pathogen, forty six isolates were evaluated for their virulence on ten dif-
ferential varieties. These ten varieties were Kinmaze (no gene for resistance), Kogyoku (Xa-I, Xa-kg), Tetep (Xa-1,
Xa-2), Wase Aikoku 3(Xa-3), Java 14 (Xa-1, Xa-3, Xa - kg), IR8 (?), IR.20 (Xa-4), IR 1545 (xa-5), DV85 (xa-5,
Xa-7) and Cas 209 (?). The well developed leaf blade of each tiller was inoculated in the central portion by the needle
prick method. Lesion development were scored at two to three weeks after inoculation, and the isolates were graded
into group of virulence in accordance to standard proposed by Ezuka and Horino.
Results indicated that 80 percent of the isolates collected in 1980 belong to group III. This group of isolates
predominantll infected IR20. The IR36 belongs to this group of variety.
Ringkasan
Pen;-akit bakteri busuk daun padi, yang disebabkan oleh Xanthomonos compestris py. oryzae (nama sebelum-
n.ta Xanthomonos or)'zoe (U & I) Dowson) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sangat penting di Indonesia.
Untuk mengetahui perubahan-perubahan patotipe penyebab penyakit ini, 46 isolat X. campestris pv. oryzoe
telah diuji virulensinl'a pada sepuluh varietas differensial.
Varietas-varietas tersebut adalah Kinmaze (tanpa gentahan), Kogyoku (Xa-l, Xa-kg), Tetep (Xa-1, Xa-2), Wase
Aikoku 3(Xa-3), Java 14(Xa-1, Xa-3, Xa-Kg) IR8 (?), IR20 (Xa-4), IRl545 (xa-5), DV85 (xa-5, Xa-7), dan Cas 209
(?). Daun-daun yang telah berkembang baik diinokulasi dengan metode needle prick. Perkembangan penyakit
diamati pada dua sampai tiga minggu setelah inokulasi. Klasifikasi grup bakteri berdasar virulensinya dilakukan
menurut standard Ezuka dan Horino.
Introduction
Bacterial Leaf Blight (BLB) of rice caused by Xanthomonos compeslrui pv oryzoe
(former name Xanthomonas oryzae (U. & I.) Dowson) is one or the important rice
diseases in Indonesia.
Since 1978 the disease has been increasingly important because some previous
resistant varieties which are also known as to be resistant to the brown planthopper
(Nilapqrvato lugens Stal) were found being severely damaged by the bacterium (Table
l). Evidently the disease was widely distributed throughout Java, especially West
Java.
*
*) 
Pupt'presentedatthevlthCongresofrhelndonesianphytopathologicalsociety,padang,Mayll-l3,l9gl
-r-] at'it''n' Plrnt Pathologist at The Sukamandi Research Institute For Food crops, sukamandi, Indonesia.
---;; ::tot':te.Plant 
Pathologist at The Bogor Research Institute For Food Crops, Bogor, Indonesia., ptanr parhologisl, Hokuriku National Agricultural Station, Japan.
Ilmu Pert. (Agric. Sci.) 3(5) 1982.
"'
196
Control of the disease by chemicals was proved to be neither effective nor
economically feasible (Anonymous, 1979). Breeding program were initiated at IRRI,
and nationally at Sukamandi Research Institute for Food Crops to counter the
disease. The two resistant varieties developed at IRRI, i.e. IR30 and [R36, posses one
dominant gene controling resistance to BLB. The source of gene for resistant of some
brown planthopper resistant varieties is shown in table 2. IR 30 and IR 36 received
their resistance from TKM6 and IRl56l-228, respectively'
For the purpose of the breeding program' a study to gather informations of X'
campestris pv. oryzoe regarding the pathotype group and the appropriate isolate to in-
oculate breeding materials was initiated.
Material and Methods.
The hacterium isolates used
Forty six isolates of X. compestris pv. oryzae were collected from various parts of
Java in tiSO. Ttrese isolates were cultured on Wakimoto medium and incubated at 25
- 28"C.
Inoculations
Inoculations were conducted using the two days old cultures of X. carnpestris pv.
oryzae. The cultures were suspended in distilled water with a concentration of 108 -
l0e cells/ml apd inoculated on the central portion of the well-developed leaf blade by
pin prick methods" Five to seven leaves from each tillers were inoculated when the
ptunit were approximately two months old. Lesion developments were scored at two
three weeks after inoculaiions, and the isolates were graded into group of virulence in
accordance to standard proposed by Ezuka and Horino (personal communication)'
Result and discussion
The reaction of the IRRI differential varieties varried greatly, therefore
classification of the isolates into group of virulence was based on their reaction to
Preparation of differential varieties
Ten differential varieties consisting of five Japanese and five IRRI varieties were
used. They were Kinmaze (no gene for resistance), Kogyoku (Xa-l, Xa-kg), Tetep
(Xa-1, xa-2), wase Aikoku 3(Xa-3), Java 14(Xa-1, Xa-3, Xa-kg), IR8 (?), IR20 (Xa-
+;, tRtS+S (xa-5), DV85 (xa-5, Xa-7) and Cas 2A9 Q). The experiment was conducted
in the green house. Seeds were soaked in water for 48 hours, and were seeded in the
seed box. Forteen days old seedlings were transplanted into pots of l7 cm in diameter
containing field soils, three hills per pot. They were supplied with an excess amount of
urea (67 g per Pot)'
FI\\
197
Japanese differential varieties. The data of this experiment were summarrzed in table
3. It appears that 80 percent of the isolates isolated in 1980 belong to group III (Fig.
2). This group of isolates predominantly infected IR20 which has one dominant gene
for resistance, Xa-4, derived from TKM6. The IR36 also belong to this group.
Field observation conducted in the 1979/1980 wet season crop by Dr. T.W. Mew
(Plant Pathologist, [RRI., P.O. Box 933 Manila, Philippines), Dr. Osamu Horino
(Plant Pthologist, Hokuriku National Agricultural Experiment Station, Japan) and
Suparyono (Assistant Plant Pathologist, Sukamandi Research Insitute for Food
Crop, Sukamandi, Indonesia) and in the 1980/1981 wet season crop by Dr. O. Horino
and Suparyono in some parts of West Java, revealed that [R36 was the most common
varieties planted by farmers and that it was severely infected by this bacterium (Table
3 and 4). On the other hand Pelita I-1, Cisadane and GHl47 showed field resistant to
this pathogen. In the green house DV85, IRl545, Java 14 and Wase Aikoku 3 were
resistant to most of the isolates tested. These evidence indicated that in the near future
those varieties mentioned above can be incorporated as resistance sources in breeding
for resistance to BLB.
Conclusion
l. Eighty percent isolates of X. campestris pv. oryzae isolated in 1980 belong to group
III. This group infected IR36 which is belong to the tR20 group of variety.
2. In order to develop varieties resistant to this pathogen some sources of resistance,
i.e. Pelita I-1, Cisadane, GHl47, DV85, IRl545, Javalf and Wase Aikoku can be
incorporated in the breeding program.
3. Further studies are needed to prevent BLB incidence through :
a. Collection and identification of pathotype of X. Campestris pv. oryzoe that
are dominant in a particular season and location.
b. Identification of sources of resistance of Pelita I-1, Cisadane and GHl47 and
from germplasm collection
c. Incorporation of several resistant genes (may be recessive and dominant) into
one variety in order to develop field resistant varieties to BLB.
Literature cited
l. Anonymous (1979) Rice diseases in North snd Eastern India, Nepal and Banglo'
desh (with focus on bocterial leqf blisht) A Report of an IRTP Monitoring
Tour. IRRI, Manila.
2. Suparyono; Ardi Suardi and Taryat Cubaryat (1978) Rice bacterial leaf bliqht
(Xanthomonas oryzoe) in Java.
Paper presented at Kongres Nasional ke V Perhimpunan Fitopatologi Indo-
' nesia (PFI), Malang, 1979.
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Figure 2.The reactions of Bacterial Group III to five differentiel rice varieties.
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Toble t. Bacterial Leaf Btight on Some Brown Planthopper Resistant Varieties in
Java, March, 1978. I
Location
Province/K
Reqency
Degree of
damagel)
Varieties 0ther
West Java
Sukamandi
Cirebon
Prupuk
Magelang
Boyolali
Sragen
Eest Java
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
IR3O
IR3O
Central Java
Tegal Severe
Purwokerto Severe
Pekalongan Severe
Sheath blight
Sheath blight
IR3O
IR32
IR3O
Local
IR3O
Local
IR.34
Local
IR26
IR3O
IR3O
None
l)D.gt..ofdamage;severe - score8-gonthescaleof0-9,whereO = Randg: susceptible
Table 2. Gene Source of Resistance of Some Brown Planthopper Resistant Yarieties
To Bacterial Leaf Blight (Xanthomonos campestris pv. oryzoe)
Yariety Crosses Gene source
IR26
IR28
IR3O
IR32
IR34
IR36
IR38
Pelita I-l
IR24/TKM6
Peta3/TN-I/ / Gampai | 4 / 4 / lFt9 / T adukan / /
TKM2/TN-I/ / rR24 / o.niv ara
lR24 /T KM6 / / / lR2O4 / O. niv ara
IR2d/O.niva ra/ /CR94 - 13
IR833-6///IRl 561 - 14911R242 /O. nivara
IRl56l - 228 - | - 2/ /1R244/O.nivara/ / /CR94-13
IR20/O. nivara/ /CR94-13
PB5,/Syntha
TKM6
TKM6
TKM6, IR2O
IR20
rRl56l
IRt56l
IR2O
Syntha
Breeding Department
in Suparyono et al., 1978
Source
20t
Table 3. General Diseases on IR36 and other Rice Varieties in Areas of West Java
Visited During The 1979/19E0 Wet Season.
Variety Diseases
Bekasi
Sukamandi
Pusakanegara
Cirebon
Kuningan areas
Ciamis areas
Cianjur
Local var
IR36
Pelita I-l
IR36
IR39
IR29
IR36
Local var.
Pelita I-l
IR36
IR38
Local var
BLB, severe
BLB, severe
BLB, severe
BLB, severe
leaf scald, high
BLB, severe
leaf scald, high
BLB, severe
BLB, severe
BLB, low
BLB, severe
BLB, Low
BLB, severe
BLB, severe
BLB, severe
BLB, low
BLB, low
BLB, low
CLS, severe
BLB, severe
IR36
Locality
IR36
IR36
IR38
Semeru
Severe : score 8 - 9 on the scale of 0- 9, where 0 : R and 9 : susceptible. --
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