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Speech without a speaker:Constitutional coverage for generative AI output?
No full textGenerative AI systems’ output as speech – Constitutional coverage for AI speech in the absence of a (human) speaker – Right of individuals to receive information as a perspective for framing constitutional coverage of generative AI output – Implications of constitutional coverage for content policing and content moderation by private platforms – Trends in the interpretation of existing content moderation regimes and their applicability to generative AI systems
Social interpretation bias and inflexibility:Mapping indirect pathways from pathological personality traits to symptom clusters of anxiety and depression
No full textPathological personality traits are thought to predispose individuals to anxiety and depression by encouraging biased and inflexible interpretations of emotionally-ambiguous situations. This indirect effect was investigated in a diverse adult sample (n=214) from the local community and mental health care facilities. Participants completed assessments of pathological personality traits and symptom clusters of anxiety and depression. Additionally, participants completed a cognitive-behavioral task measuring inflexibility and bias in interpretations of emotionally ambiguous situations. Results from network analysis revealed that negative interpretation bias (tendency to infer negative interpretations from emotionally-ambiguous information) connected the traits of negative affectivity (experiencing intense negative emotions, hostile or passive interpersonal behavior) and detachment (withdrawal from interpersonal interactions, restricted emotional experience and expression) with symptom clusters of general distress, anhedonic depression, and anxious arousal. Positive interpretation bias (tendency to infer positive interpretations) was only connected to negative affectivity and anhedonic depression. Finally, inflexible negative interpretations (difficulty in revising initial negative interpretations based on positive information) connected detachment with general distress and anxious arousal. This study represents the first data-driven investigation of how distorted interpretations mediate the relationship between pathological personality traits and common mental health complaints. These findings have potential implications for tailoring interventions according to individuals’ personality profiles
The more aesthetic, the better?:The impact of photo aesthetics on perceived review helpfulness
No full textReview helpfulness is crucial for assessing the quality of online reviews and mitigating information overload. Although numerous studies have explored the impact of textual and reviewer characteristics on review helpfulness, the role of photo aesthetics remains important but underexplored. This study addresses this gap by investigating the impact of photo aesthetics on perceived review helpfulness and its underlying mediating effects. The hotel review data from TripAdvisor.com exhibit an inverted U-shaped effect of photo aesthetics on perceived review helpfulness, in which review text length moderates this relationship. To further validate this causal relationship and explore the underlying mediating effects, an experimental study is conducted. The experimental results confirm the causal impact of photo aesthetics on perceived review helpfulness and reveal that perceived pleasure, reviewer effort and review authenticity mediate the relationship. These novel insights challenge the notion that "the more aesthetic, the better" for review photos, offering new theoretical and practical implications
Systematic attribution of heatwaves to the emissions of carbon majors
No full textExtreme event attribution assesses how climate change affected climate extremes, but typically focuses on single events. Furthermore, these attributions rarely quantify the extent to which anthropogenic actors have contributed to these events. Here we show that climate change made 213 historical heatwaves reported over 2000–2023 more likely and more intense, to which each of the 180 carbon majors (fossil fuel and cement producers) substantially contributed. This work relies on the expansion of a well-established event-based framework. Owing to global warming since 1850–1900, the median of the heatwaves during 2000–2009 became about 20 times more likely, and about 200 times more likely during 2010–2019. Overall, one-quarter of these events were virtually impossible without climate change. The emissions of the carbon majors contribute to half the increase in heatwave intensity since 1850–1900. Depending on the carbon major, their individual contribution is high enough to enable the occurrence of 16–53 heatwaves that would have been virtually impossible in a preindustrial climate. We, therefore, establish that the influence of climate change on heatwaves has increased, and that all carbon majors, even the smaller ones, contributed substantially to the occurrence of heatwaves. Our results contribute to filling the evidentiary gap to establish accountability of historical climate extremes