232451 research outputs found
Sort by
An evaluation of environmental tax in China
No full textChina has implemented a series of environmental tax measures that can be utilized to achieve its dual carbon goals of reaching peak carbon emissions by2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060. These include environmental taxes on pollution and resources as well as tax incentives to encourage environmentally friendly activities. While they have shown positive effects in reducing pollution and encouraging technological innovation, they also present significant limitations including regional disparities, high compliance burdens, and insufficient ex-ante and ex-post evaluation mechanisms. This article provides a comprehensive qualitative legal analysis of China’s existing environmental tax measures. It evaluates both positive impacts and limitations of key instruments including the environmental protection tax (EPT), the resource tax, and various environmental tax incentives. The analysis highlights that, while these tax measures contribute to environmental sustainability, the system remains fragmented and under developed in several aspects. This article concludes with policy recommendations focused on establishing a comprehensive legal framework, improving tax administration, and strengthening legal evaluation mechanisms to ensure that China’s environmental tax system effectively supports its long-term ecological and economic objectives
Families en criminaliteit:Een criminologische beschouwing
No full textCriminele familie's waarvan leden betrokken zijn bij vormen van zware (georganiseerde) misdaad zijn voor allerlei publieke en private partijen een bekend en hardnekkig fenomeen. Dat laatste wordt ondermeer verklaard door de aanzienlijke kans dat problemen worden doorgegeven aan volgende generaties. De vraag is dan ook hoe deze patronen kunnen worden doorbroken. Nog complexer zijn bredere criminele familienetwerken, waarvan leden samenwerken bij criminele activiteiten of elkaar indirect faciliteren. Dit artikel gaat vanuit criminologisch perspectief in op deze aspecten
Lik-op-stuk-beleid? Nou nee! Deel III:Over de evenredigheid van de hoogte van de bestuurlijke boete Wav
No full textGenAI aan rechtenfaculteiten:Uit voorzorg verbieden
No full textWat zijn de implicaties van generatieve AI (GenAI), zoals ChatGPT, voor het juridisch onderwijs en onderzoek aan Nederlandse rechtenfaculteiten? Het gebruik van GenAI lijkt binnen de universitaire wereld onafwendbaar maar GenAI brengt fundamentele risico’s met zich mee voor de vorming van juristen. Denk hierbij aan de negatieve impact op taalvaardigheid, kritisch denken, wetenschappelijke integriteit, en het zelfvertrouwen van studenten. Ook zijn er bredere maatschappelijke en democratische risico’s. Is daarom niet de inzet van een voorzorgsbeginsel – in dubio contra machina – aangewezen? Het gebruik van GenAI wordt dan in beginsel verboden, tenzij een interfacultaire commissie het gebruik als aantoonbaar waardevol en verantwoord beoordeelt. Rechtenfaculteiten dragen een bijzondere verantwoordelijkheid in het opleiden van juristen als hoeders van de democratische rechtsstaat en deze taak is niet verenigbaar met een niet-kritische houding ten opzichte van GenAI
Trait emotion differentiation is associated with more instrumental emotion regulation motives when people feel negative in daily life
No full textEmotion differentiation-the ability to precisely label emotions-reflects a nuanced understanding of one's emotional experiences. Researchers posit that this nuance may be associated with knowing how one can use their emotions. As a result, we hypothesize emotion differentiation may be linked with holding instrumental emotion regulation motives, which involve regulating emotions to attain their benefits beyond solely feeling better or worse. In this research, we tested whether trait emotion differentiation was associated with instrumental emotion regulation motives in daily life, (a) in general and (b) at times when people felt strong emotion. To test these links, we used two experience sampling data sets collected in 2020 in Australia (Study 1, N = 173; 50.3% White), and in 2016 in Belgium (Study 2, N = 104; 100% European). Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no direct association between trait emotion differentiation and instrumental motive use. However, as hypothesized, in both studies, trait emotion differentiation moderated the relationship between emotion intensity and instrumental motives, though only in the case of negative-not positive-emotion. This interaction was such that those higher in trait emotion differentiation endorsed fewer instrumental motives when emotion was less intense, but more instrumental motives when emotion was more intense. This pattern suggests that people high in trait emotion differentiation may endorse instrumental motives flexibly, by regulating their emotions instrumentally when they are more intense, but not when they are less intense. Our findings support the idea that trait negative emotion differentiation may help individuals channel their intense emotions in useful ways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Neurocognitive outcomes in patients with brain metastases:a systematic review
No full textMultimodality therapy, including surgery, radiotherapy, and systemic therapy, has significantly improved overall survival for patients with brain metastases. However, treatment-related neurocognitive sequelae remain a major challenge in survivorship. Although advances in radiotherapy delivery techniques have reduced toxicity, the potential interaction with chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, and the consequent effect on neurocognitive outcomes is poorly characterised. We conducted a systematic review of clinical trials reporting neurocognitive endpoints in patients with brain metastases receiving radiotherapy with or without other concurrent systemic therapies. Neurocognitive outcomes were manually extracted from published reports. 39 studies from 1997 to 2024 involving 6617 patients met inclusion criteria (n=27 whole-brain radiotherapy; n=12 radiosurgery), including six studies evaluating combined-modality therapy. Baseline neurocognitive disability was frequently observed, and the majority of randomised trials evaluating advanced radiotherapy delivery techniques (hippocampal avoidance and radiosurgery) compared with whole-brain radiotherapy reported reduced cognitive decline and improved quality of life. There was no signal for increased toxicity with combined-modality therapy, including radiotherapy with concurrent systemic therapy, although evaluable trials were few in number. Given improvements in survival for patients with brain metastases, characterisation of long-term neurocognitive outcomes is growing in importance. There is an urgent need for targeted research to resolve evidence gaps around modality-specific neurocognitive toxicity and optimal sequencing of therapies. Systemic issues, such as integration of routine neuropsychological screening or assessment and incorporation of rehabilitation strategies into neuro-oncology care pathways, warrant evaluation. Exploration of emerging strategies, ranging from neuroprotectants to dose-sparing radiotherapy techniques, could further mitigate long-term adverse effects
Belastingrecht Actueel:Deling van huwelijksgemeenschap bij helfte: reacties internetconsultatie
No full textFacial expression of anger and self-reported anger in patients with functional neurological disorder
No full textObjective: Little is known about the way patients with FND express anger and to what extent self-reported anger differs from facially expressed anger. This study investigates whether patients with FND differ from healthy controls in facial anger expression and self-reported anger in response to anger-provoking situations. It also investigates the extent to which there is a mismatch in these responses. In addition, this study explores patients’ ability to intentionally express emotions.Methods: This case-control study is based on the EMIN-FND study (OnderzoekMetMensen.nl registration identifier: NL8004). In this study, video recordings of participants’ faces were made during an anger recall task and analyzed for facial anger expression using FaceReader software. Participants also reported how much anger they felt during the task. The extent of mismatch was calculated using the z-scores of the self-reported anger and facially expressed anger. The ability to intentionally express facial emotions was examined by analyzing 5-second expression periods.Results: Data of 66 patients with FND [mean age=42.3 (SD=16.3) y, 68.2% women] and 37 healthy controls [mean age=40.8 (SD=16.4) y, 56.8% women] revealed no differences in facial anger expression (P=.20), self-reported anger (P=.80), or mismatch (P=.19). Patients with FND were less able to intentionally express anger (U=934.5, z=1.971, P=.049), sadness (U=745.5, z=3.182, P=.001), and to show a neutral facial expression (U=880.0, z=2.245, P=.025).Conclusions: There was no significant difference between facially expressed and self-reported anger between patients with FND versus controls. Intentional expression of an angry, sad, or neutral face was attenuated in patients with FND
Trait emotion differentiation is associated with more instrumental emotion regulation motives when people feel negative in daily life
No full textEmotion differentiation-the ability to precisely label emotions-reflects a nuanced understanding of one's emotional experiences. Researchers posit that this nuance may be associated with knowing how one can use their emotions. As a result, we hypothesize emotion differentiation may be linked with holding instrumental emotion regulation motives, which involve regulating emotions to attain their benefits beyond solely feeling better or worse. In this research, we tested whether trait emotion differentiation was associated with instrumental emotion regulation motives in daily life, (a) in general and (b) at times when people felt strong emotion. To test these links, we used two experience sampling data sets collected in 2020 in Australia (Study 1, N = 173; 50.3% White), and in 2016 in Belgium (Study 2, N = 104; 100% European). Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no direct association between trait emotion differentiation and instrumental motive use. However, as hypothesized, in both studies, trait emotion differentiation moderated the relationship between emotion intensity and instrumental motives, though only in the case of negative-not positive-emotion. This interaction was such that those higher in trait emotion differentiation endorsed fewer instrumental motives when emotion was less intense, but more instrumental motives when emotion was more intense. This pattern suggests that people high in trait emotion differentiation may endorse instrumental motives flexibly, by regulating their emotions instrumentally when they are more intense, but not when they are less intense. Our findings support the idea that trait negative emotion differentiation may help individuals channel their intense emotions in useful ways. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved)
Vormen van tegenmacht:Georganiseerd wantrouwen in de lokale democratie
No full textTegenmacht is vanuit verschillende perspectieven te bekijken. Vanuit een institutioneel perspectief én – zoals de Franse filosoof Pierre Rosanvallon doet - vanuit een burgerlijk perspectief. In mijn onderzoek combineer ik deze perspectieven. Het doel van dit onderzoek is inzicht te geven in het functioneren van tegenmacht in de Nederlandse lokale democratie en in de mechanismen die aan het functioneren ten grondslag liggen. Van het functioneren van tegenmacht op het lokale niveau bestaat namelijk nog geen goed beeld. Het onderzoek richt zich op de volgende hoofdvraag: “Hoe zijn hedendaagse expressies van tegenmacht in de context van de Nederlandse lokale democratie te begrijpen?” In de kern gaat institutionele tegenmacht over het voorkomen dat de ene institutie de andere niet zo kan overheersen en haar wil door kan drijven ten koste van de andere institutie. Rosanvallon (2008) onderscheidt drie vormen van democratisch wantrouwen, die tezamen gestalte geven aan zijn concept ‘counter-democracy’: 1. Toezicht; 2. Belemmering; 3. Toetsingen van een oordeel. Dit zijn burgerlijke vormen van tegenmacht. Burgers stellen de macht onder toezicht en controleren haar. Het gaat hen niet om het 'grijpen' van de macht. De vormen dwingen bestuurders om rekenschap af te leggen en zich verantwoordelijk te gedragen. Het is eigenlijk een nieuw soort veld van burgerparticipatie: van burgers die toezicht houden op de (lokale) bestuurders. Het is geen ‘scheppende’, wel een ‘corrigerende’ vorm van burgerparticipatie. Volgens Rosanvallon heeft tegenmacht grenzen nodig, om te voorkomen dat het ‘radicaliseert’. Zo kan (burgerlijke) tegenmacht doorschieten naar populisme. In mijn conceptueel referentiekader, de tegenmachtkubus, komen de verschillende benaderingen van tegenmacht samen. Via empirisch onderzoek heb ik, met vier zogenaamde ‘extensieve exploraties’, in kaart gebracht welke vormen van tegenmacht zich waar ophouden en hoe tegenmacht gepercipieerd wordt. Dit heb ik gedaan bij vier verschillende gemeenten: Dordrecht, Rotterdam, Oldenzaal en Tholen. Vervolgens heb ik in een intensieve casus een burgerlijke beweging van tegenmacht onder de loep genomen, namelijk het Rotterdamse initiatief ‘Recht op de stad’. ‘Recht op de stad’ zet zich in voor een ander woonbeleid. De extensieve exploraties en de intensieve casus tonen aan dat de drie vormen van burgerlijke tegenmacht die Rosanvallon (2008) onderscheidt de effecten van institutionele vormen van tegenmacht kunnen aanvullen en schragen. Het empirisch onderzoek toont ook dat het college van burgemeester en wethouders maatgevend is. De macht lijkt door afzonderlijke varianten van tegenmacht lastig te beteugelen. Belangrijk voor de ontwikkeling van tegenmacht is de op consensus gerichte (bestuurs)cultuur. Het streven naar consensus en samenwerking verhoudt zich in de Nederlandse lokale democratie soms moeilijk tot tegenmacht. Het idee dat tegenmacht niet alleen voor (noodzakelijke) begrenzing zorgt, maar eveneens bekrachtigend kan werken, lijkt nog niet breed gedeeld te worden. Om de staat van tegenmacht in de Nederlandse lokale democratie te begrijpen is Rosanvallons drieslag in grote mate bruikbaar gebleken. Wel vragen de ruime categorisering, de noemer belemmering, de nadruk op horizontale machtenscheiding en het samenwerkingsgerichte karakter van de Nederlandse lokale democratie in het algemeen en de omgang met tegenmacht in het bijzonder, om aanscherping van Rosanvallons typologie. In mijn aanscherping is Rosanvallons drieslag een vierslag geworden. De vier categorieën die ik onderscheid zijn: 1. (Horizontaal) toezicht; 2. Bestuurskritiek; 3. Protest en 4. Toetsingen van een oordeel. Onder de noemer ‘van begrijpen naar begrip’ doe ik aanbevelingen voor verder bestuurskundig onderzoek en voor de lokale bestuurspraktijk. Onderzoek stelt in staat om beter te begrijpen. In het licht van sturing op grote maatschappelijke ontwikkelingen en onzekerheden is het van belang om de rol van georganiseerd wantrouwen hierbij beter te begrijpen. Hier ligt een opdracht voor bestuurskundig onderzoek. Na begrijpen ontstaat mogelijk begrip. Het faciliteren van democratisch burgerschap en tegenwicht als democratische waarde is een spoor dat gevolgd kan worden om tot meer begrip voor tegenmacht te komen. Een hoofdspoor om binnen de politieke democratie tot meer begrip van en voor tegenmacht te komen, is het vergroten van de bewustwording van het belang van tegenspel bij de gemeenteraad, het college van burgemeester en wethouders en de ambtelijke organisatie. Dat kan door te investeren in wat ik ‘democratische geletterdheid’ noem. Daaronder versta ik de competentie om kwesties in democratische termen te begrijpen, om er vervolgens adequaat mee om te gaan. Een belangrijke boodschap: iedereen is gebaat bij een lokale democratie met een sterke tegenmacht, niemand is gebaat bij almacht. ___Countervailing power can be viewed from different perspectives. From an institutional perspective and - like the French philosopher Pierre Rosanvallon does - from a civic perspective. In this research, these perspectives will be combined. The purpose of this research is to provide insight into the functioning of countervailing power in Dutch local democracy and the mechanisms underlying its functioning. So far, a good picture of the functioning of countervailing power at the local level is lacking. The research focuses on the following main question: “How can contemporary expressions of countervailing power be understood in the context of Dutch local democracy?” At its core, institutional countervailing power is about preventing one institution from dominating the other and enforcing its will at the expense of the other institution. Rosanvallon (2008) distinguishes three forms of democratic distrust, which together shape his concept of ‘counter-democracy’: 1. Oversight; 2. Obstruction, and 3. Reviews of judgment. These are civic forms of countervailing power. Citizens supervise and control power without seeking to “seize” it. The forms force administrators to be accountable and behave responsibly. It is a new kind of field in citizen participation: of citizens supervising (local) administrators. It is not a “creative,” but a “corrective” form of citizen participation. According to Rosanvallon, countervailing power needs boundaries, to prevent it from “radicalizing.” Rosanvallon acknowledges that countervailing power can slip into populism. In the conceptual framework of this research, the countervailing power cube, the different approaches to countervailing power come together. Through empirical research, with four so-called ‘extensive explorations’, the forms and locations of countervailing power that occur, and the way in which countervailing power is perceived are mapped. This research was conducted in four different municipalities: Dordrecht, Rotterdam, Oldenzaal and Tholen. Afterwards, an intensive case study is performed to scrutinize a civilian countervailing power movement, namely the Rotterdam initiative ‘Recht op de stad’. ‘Recht op de stad’ is committed to a different housing policy. The extensive explorations and the intensive case study show that the three forms of civic countervailing power that Rosanvallon (2008) distinguishes can complement the effects of institutional forms of counterpower. The picture that emerges is one of a Board of Mayor and Aldermen with a dominant presence, making it difficult, in practice, for institutional countervailing powers such as courts of auditors and ombudsmen to make a significant impact. The same is true for the civic forms surrounding local political democracy. Important for the development of countervailing power is the consensus-oriented (administrative) culture. Sometimes, it can be difficult to reconcile the pursuit of consensus and cooperation in Dutch local democracy is with countervailing power. The idea that countervailing power not only provides (necessary) limits, but can also have an empowering effect, does not seem to be widely shared yet. To understand the state of countervailing power in Dutch local democracy, Rosanvallon's three-pronged approach is proven to be useful. However, the broad categorization, the inclusion of obstruction, the emphasis on the horizontal separation of powers, and the collaborative nature of Dutch local democracy—especially its interactions with countervailing power—necessitate a refinement of Rosanvallon's typology. In this research, his classification on these points is modified, to create a replication suited to the Dutch context. This refined typology is tailored to Dutch local democracy. In this version, Rosanvallon’s three categories are expanded to four, resulting in a more nuanced framework. The four categories of countervailing power that are distinguished in the modified framework are: 1. (Horizontal) Oversight; 2. Governance criticism; 3. Protest; 4. Reviews of judgement. Under the heading “from understanding to comprehension”, recommendations for further public administration research and local administration practice are made. Considering steering for major social developments and uncertainties, it is important to get a better understanding of the role of organized distrust in this regard. Here lies a task for public administration research. Comprehension may follow understanding. Facilitating democratic citizenship and countervailing power as a democratic value is a track that can be followed to achieve greater understanding of countervailing power. A main track to gain a better understanding and to receive support for countervailing power within political democracy is to increase awareness of the importance of countervailing power among the city council members, the Board of Mayor and Aldermen, and the civil service. This can be achieved by investing in what is called “democratic literacy.” This stands for the ability to understand issues in democratic terms, and the capabilities to adequately deal with them. An important message: everyone benefits from a local democracy with strong countervailing powers, while no one benefits from omnipotence