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Revisiting the structure of diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition, section II personality disorder criteria using individual participant data meta-analysis
No full textThe factor structure of personality disorder (PD) criteria has long been debated, but due to previous heterogeneous findings, a common structure to represent covariation among the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV)/DSM-5 Section II PD criteria remains an open question. This study integrated individual participant data from 25 samples (N = 30,545) to conduct factor analyses of PD criteria. Measurement invariance tests across gender, clinical status, and assessment method indicated substantial structural differences between interview-based and self-report measures. In interviews, a confirmatory 10-factor model with factors representing specific DSM-5 PDs showed a major misfit, with results from exploratory factor analyses suggesting that this was due to a relatively small number of substantial secondary loadings. In self-reports, a confirmatory 10-factor model showed greater misfit than in interviews, and exploratory solutions were more complex. When five factors were extracted, the factors showed some similarity to maladaptive trait domains such as Negative Affectivity and Disinhibition, but there were substantial differences in factor content between interviews and self-reports. In bifactor models, a general factor explained more common variance in self-reports, whereas the content of general factors was similar in both assessment methods. Our findings suggest that interview and self-report measures of PD criteria are not structurally equivalent. To advance research on the structure of PD, it may be useful to consequently focus on the shared variance of multiple methods. For this purpose, future multimethod studies should combine interviews and self-reports with other assessment methods such as informant reports. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved
The road to real-time technology in VAT
No full textIn this article, the authors conclude that real-time technology in VAT can significantly contribute to closing the VAT Gap. Such technology provides the necessary data to ensure VAT compliance by enabling the implementation of a split payment system (B2C) in combination with a reverse charge mechanism (B2B). This combination of technology and provisions in the VAT Directive enables the implementation of the so-called ‘micro VAT return’ in real time. According to the authors, no further amendment of the VAT Directive is necessary for the introduction of such systems in specific areas. The VAT Directive with the ViDA amendments provides instruments for this
Adverse effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy:A neglected but urgent area of inquiry
No full textWhile Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is widely recognized as an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), its safety profile remains underexamined. This review critically evaluates the extent to which adverse effects are reported and monitored in EMDR research. We analyzed 51 randomized controlled trials from recent meta-analyses on EMDR for PTSD and found that only nine studies mentioned adverse effects, with just one employing systematic assessment protocols. In five of the nine studies, patients did report adverse effects, typically mild and temporary, but these were often described anecdotally and without predefined criteria or structured monitoring. Dropout is more consistently reported across trials, but it is not a reliable indicator of adverse effects per se. The lack of structured monitoring of adverse effects complicates interpretation of EMDR’s risk – benefit profile and limits informed decision-making in clinical settings. We discuss potential reasons for the underreporting of adverse events. Moreover, as EMDR is increasingly applied beyond PTSD, little is known about its safety in populations with complex comorbidities or in non-PTSD conditions. We also consider potential cognitive risks, such as memory blurring and the subsequent risk of false memory creation, though recent evidence suggests these effects are not robust or clinically concerning. To advance ethical and methodologically sound EMDR research, we propose integrating standardized adverse effects monitoring, preregistration of harm criteria, and safety endpoints alongside efficacy outcomes
A filtering response time concealed information test for searching for relevant concealed items
No full textThe response time concealed information test can reveal whether a person recognizes a relevant concealed item among others based on slower responses. This method also has a hitherto scarcely researched potential for searching for an unknown probe. We introduce a design for efficiently searching through any number of items. In Study 1 ( N = 260), we tested a conventional test design with 10 items. Using these data, we developed a new design with a filtering mechanism that dynamically removes items live during the task as soon as proven unlikely to be the relevant item. The filtering design, assessed in Study 2 ( N = 260), took substantially less time (∼17 vs. ∼7 min), while being at least similarly efficient in correctly identifying the probe (30.03.1. Our filtering design offers a time‐efficient, scalable, adaptive tool for identifying unknown concealed information among multiple suspected probes, with broad real‐world application
De facto transparency?:Investigating the practice of the international court of justice
No full textThis article explores the International Court of Justice's (ICJ or the Court) use of various forms of de facto transparency, enacted beyond normative constraints. It focuses on three examples: the ICJ's online activities (website and social media), the Court's press releases and summaries of judicial decisions, and the speeches delivered by the judges of the Court, to understand the benefits and risks of these practices. While they may not all have originated with the explicit aim of enhancing the Court's image as a transparent institution, their consistent implementation has assumed that role. The article examines them from the perspective of transparency as 'accessibility', with its nuances of 'justification', 'explanation', and 'simplification'. Ultimately, the article highlights the importance of reflecting on transparency beyond formal rules, considering possible problems inherent to it, and understanding the ways in which it is (or is not) achieved
Bestaat de 403-vordering van het UWV in faillissement?
No full textIn dit artikel wordt onderzocht of het UWV zijn aanspraak die voortvloeit uit de loongarantieregeling, in faillissement kan indienen op grond van een 403-verklaring. De Hoge Raad heeft in zijn arrest UWV/Econcern geoordeeld dat het UWV in dat geval slechts een concurrente 403-vordering op de moedermaatschappij heeft.1 Het lijkt erop dat toen voorbij is gegaan aan de vraag of het UWV überhaupt wel een 403-vordering heeft. In deze bijdrage wordt beschreven hoe het UWV slechts subrogeert in de loonvorderingen op de dochter en niet in de 403-vordering op de moeder. Dit betekent dat het UWV geen vordering bij de moedermaatschappij kan indienen, omdat die 403-vordering een zelfstandige vordering is, die niet automatisch met de hoofdvordering mee over gaat
Nudging forward:A novel strategy of shifting responsibility for beneficiaries of international protection
No full textSince 2020, tens of thousands of beneficiaries of international protection (BIPs) have used the refugee passports issued to them by the Greek authorities to travel to other European Union and Schengen countries, where they apply anew for asylum. Our qualitative analysis of data from various sources shows that these secondary movements are prompted by ‘nudging forward’: a novel responsibility-shifting strategy put forward by the Greek government. We argue that this strategy is based on a selective mix of targeted governmental action and inaction, which facilitates BIPs’ onward mobility and simultaneously obstructs BIPs settlement in Greece or return thereto
Utilizing qualitative methods to detect validity issues in clinical experience sampling methodology (ESM)
No full textExperience sampling methodology (ESM) are used increasingly in clinical research and practice, promising unique insights into people's daily lives and more accurate, ecologically valid clinical assessments. However, there are rising concerns about the validity of ESM studies due to various measurement challenges, including differences and changes in participants' concept and scale interpretation (e.g., whether a 4 on a 7-point scale means the same for two individuals), and their interpretation of the study as a whole. Currently, the ESM literature mainly focuses on quantitative solutions. In this article, we highlight the contribution of qualitative methods to not only detecting the occurrence but also the content of validity issues. We describe how to implement validity checks for ESM studies using focus groups, open-ended items, as well as cognitive and semistructured interviews. Although these methods are already used in other fields, we present a translation to ESM research and describe implementations suitable for different research stages, from ESM material development to study follow-up. To illustrate the usefulness of these qualitative validity checks, we provide concrete examples from the clinical ESM literature and our own mixed-methods studies. Thereby we hope to encourage clinical researchers and practitioners interested in the implementation of ESM to reflect on how validity issues may impact the conclusions drawn from their collected data