Antropologi Indonesia
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Model Sosial Budaya bagi Penyelenggaraan Transmigrasi di Irian Jaya
No full textIn this article, the author brings forth the need for a cultural perspective in examining and handling the problem of transmigration. He concentrates on transmigrants and their settlements, and emphasizes the importance of transmigration settlement planning that accord with the culture of the future transmigrant, along with settlement planning that takes into account its future as a center of social and economic growth and social integration in the area. Drawing from his experience with transmigration in Irian Jaya, the author shows how the transmigrants of the village of Jambal and most of the local ethnic groups show varying, sometimes opposing, characteristics. He points out that transmigrants from Java are oriented toward their urban centers, but are then placed at relatively isolated areas. Thus it should come as no surprise if these transmigrants tend to abandon their new settlement for the city. The author suggests that the transmigration program can be said to be successful if it can be shown that the settlers are in fact faring better in their new area. Here, transmigration settlements cannot be regarded as mere settlement, but as arenas for the improvement of their habitants' prosperity. They must be viewed as part of the region's development and administrative system. The author completes the article with a model of transmigration for Irian Jaya that rests on a pluralistic model of society rather than a model of assimilation
Masalah Cina : Konflik Etnis yang Tak Kunjung Selesai
No full textThe May riot of 1998 has brought the so-called Chinese problem to the forefront. Various comments on the problem are mostly based on memories of the past, of the Dutch colonial segregation policy, and the common perception of the present conflict. The latter refers to the social economic gap between the Indonesian Chinese and the indigenous Indonesians. However, none of these comments address to the core of the problem related to the ethnicity and nationalism. The problem emerged when ethnicity and nationalism were in conflict. This conflict began with the establishment of the modern (Indonesian) nation-state. Since the beginning, the basis for discrimination between the indigenous and non indigenous has legally been set up by the 1945 constitution (article no.26). This discrimination was strengthened by the new order's policy that assimilation in the sole route to solving the so-called Chinese problem. This policy has produced wider social cultural, economic, and political gaps between the Indonesian Chinese and the indigenous Indonesian. The situation has developed in such a way that to solve the problem a careful examination using a multidisciplinary approach that pays attention to spatial and temporal variation in necessary. 
Peran Arsitektur dan Antropologi dalam Tata Ruang Kota Indonesia Abad 21
No full textThis paper attempts to examine various aspects of urban space design to be considered for policy making. Based upon his personal experience in conducting research with anthropologists in traditional environment , the author suggest that architects and anthropologists can contribute considerably to overcoming urban problem...[...] urban spaces that are prone to riot and other mass acts of violence indicate problems in urban policy. In the past, the citizens' culture determined urban form; but large cities are marked by cultural diversity. Whereas urban space is a field studied by urban planners and architects, culture is focus of anthropologists, who have largely been excluded from the urban policy making process. As a result, policy makers determined urban form according to their own cultural biases, without considering the cultural tendencies of the citizens. 
Ethnicity and Nationality among the Sakai: The Transformation of an Isolated Group into a Part of Indonesian Society
No full textDalam tulisan ini, penulis menunjukkan bahwa transformasi anggota-anggota suatu kelompok yang terisolasi ke dalam masyarakat majemuk yang lebih besar, dikondisikan oleh hubungan saling mempengaruhi antara sifat majemuk masyarakat tersebut dan posisi dari kelompok yang terisolasi itu dalam struktur kekuasaan masyarakat majemuk itu. Kesukubangsaan dari Orang Sakai yang dilukiskan dalam tulisan ini, diwujudkan sebagai tanggapan terhadap struktur kekuasaan yang berlaku dalam setting lokal. Ekspresi kesukubangsaan itu beragam. Keragaman itu menunjukkan potensi dan kemampuan Orang Sakai dalam memanipulasi simbol-simbol kebudayaan serta atribut-atribut etnis untuk identifikasi diri, perolehan posisi dan kompetisi dalam perolehan sumberdaya alam dalam hubungan-hubungan sosial dan antaretnis. Melalui kesukubangsaan inilah mereka tertransformasikan ke dalam masyarakat Indonesia.Dua kasus program pemukiman kembali bagi Orang Sakai, yakni di Muara Basung danSialang Rimbun menunjukkan dua lingkungan struktur kekuasaan yang berbeda bagi OrangSakai. Kedua program pemukiman itu mengalami kegagalan. Tetapi, melalui pengalaman dikedua pemukiman tersebut, Orang Sakai mendefinisi ulang kesukubangsaan dan kebangsaannya
Transethnic Identity and Urban Cognition in Makassar: Regionalism and the Empowering Potential of Local Knowledge
No full textTulisan ini membahas situasi etnis yang khas di Sulawesi Selatan. Tradisi pertukaran antaretnis yang sudah lama berlaku, dan konflik terbuka yang relatif jarang terjadi, menjadi fokus kajian tulisan ini. Di lain pihak, secara politis, kota dan daerah sekitarnya baru saja terintegrasi ke dalam negara Indonesia. Karena itu, secara historis Sulawesi Selatan masih terkenal dengan jelas atas kecenderungannya untuk memisahkan diri dari, atau tidak sepenuhnya terintegrasi ke dalam negara Indonesia. Jika konsep dan gagasan otonomi daerah akan sungguh-sungguh diterapkan, Sulawesi Selatan merupakan tempat yang sangat tepat untuk uji coba. Bagian lain dari tulisan ini mengulas metode-metode untuk meningkatkan partisipasi lokal dalam pembangunan. Beberapa metode elicitation yang sederhana, namun dapat diandalkan, digambarkan dengan menggunakan contoh pengetahuan perkotaan dalam konteks pengambilan keputusan mengenai tempat tinggal di Makassar sebagai sebuah kota propinsi yang multietnis. Sebuah metode yang hampir tidak dipergunakan di Indonesia dan dalam program pembangunan, yakni repertory grid technique yang berasal dari Kelly's psychology of personal constructs, digambarkan dengan rinci. Metode tersebut terdiri dari perbandingan triadik yang dikombinasikan dengan prosedur peringkat (ranking procedure) yang menunjukkan suatu pola kognitif dari konstruk mental (a cognitive pattern of mental constructs). Dideskripsikan pula penyesuaian secara teknis dan budaya dari metode dan masalah-masalah praktis yang berkaitan dengan wawancara
Keyakinan Keagamaan dalam Konflik antarsukubangsa
No full textThis article attempts to show that in the bloody conflicts between ethnic groups, individual ethnic patterns that are individually owned become categorical patterns. No longer are individuals the targets for the ethnic groups in conflict, but rather the categories with the attributes of each ethnic group in conflict. Thus, the attack upon categories based upon their characteristic do no take into account the sex, age or social position of the people displaying these characteristic as attributes of their ethnicity. This article also attempts to show that in each bloody ethnic group conflict, religious beliefs may permeate. Ethnic group conflicts can therefore change (or be made to change)into religious conflict between adherents of different beliefs. However, this does not mean that every ethnic conflict will change into a religious conflict. On the one hand, the religious beliefs of actors in an ethnic conflict serve to reinforce ethnicity and the spirit for eradicating the ethnic category that is the enemy. On the other hand, the religious beliefs of actors dominate ethnicity and take over the latter's function in the effort to eradicate the religious categories of the enemy. Thus, ethnic conflict changed into religious conflict. This essay uses cases from early riots in Ambon, the Sambas riot in West Kalimantan, and the case of Dayak-Madura in Central Kalimantan
Solusi Sengketa Tanah di Era Reformasi Politik dan Desentralisasi Indonesia
No full textThis paper will evaluate the impact of some early years of political reforms, democratization and regional autonomy on agrarian matters. During the New Order period, land resources were appropriated without consultation with local communities and land disputes have emerged to the political surface in many regions of Indonesia. The data I present here derive from South Sumatra, one of the hottest areas of Indonesia for disputed land. It will particularly focus on two key issues of agrarian matters, the position of the hak ulayat and solutions of land disputes
‘Komik Indonesia itu Maju’: Tantangan Komikus Underground Indonesia
No full textThis paper illustrates the significance of underground comics in Indonesia in the absence of a national comics industry. Underground comics means that its selling is independent of common marketing channels, and the comics usually have non-conventional graphics and narrative style. The author focuses on the life and works of Athonk, an Indonesian independent comics' artist, bypasses conventional modes of marketing and strengthens the global network of independent comics' artists and fans through internet. Fed up with the absurdity of Indonesian cultural and political life, Athonk is consistently creating stories of contestation between the powerful and powerless with cynicism through his amusing characters and language. The author places Athonk in the context of Indonesia art history, and debate between 'high art' and 'low art' that dominates discussion of art in Indonesia. The situation discredits comics as a 'low art' form which makes it still very far from establishing its position. Ironically, public welcome his art and this motivates him to keep working. This article hopefully will give broader picture about Indonesian comics as a potential art form and expression in the future
Dimensi Sosial dan Kultural Kekerasan Berdasarkan Jender di Indonesia: Dari Penjulukan ke Diskriminasi ke Kekerasan
No full textThis article examines the social and cultural roots of gender-based violence in Indonesia. The emphasis is on social relations, particularly ethnic group relations, and on cultural practices-especially those within the family that endanger women. The author argues that there is a process which begins with labeling, followed by state-sanctioned discrimination, and that culminates in the creation of situations prone to violence. The author provides examples from various regions in Indonesia as well as from different periods in Indonesian history. She further argues that the process can be stopped with a more positive attitude towards the diversity of Indonesian society, which must be brought about by education in the home and in schools, and by legal reforms
Pengkajian Ilmu-Ilmu Sosial: Menuju ke Pembentukan Konsep Tepat
No full textWhile there has been awareness of the problems of the relevance of Western concepts, theories and assumptions in critical works on the state of the social sciences in the Third World, what is meant as a conceptual level by relevance and irrelevance has rarely been the subject of discussion. The conceptualization of relevance is important because it lies at the basis of efforts to make the social sciences more relevant to conditions in the Third World. Nevertheless, the calls for greater relevance have generally been made in vague terms owing to the less than systematic manner in which "irrelevance" was discussed. The result was that calls for more relevant social sciences were equally unclear. This paper aims to advance our understanding of the problem of relevance by way of providing a preliminary conceptualization of relevance