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A Adsorbent of Chitosan Linked by Methylene Bridge and Schiff Base of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl Ether –vanillin : Synthesis, Characterization and Its Application After Reacted by Zn(II) Ion as Antibacterial Agent
No full textThe synthesis chitosan linked by methylene bridge-Schiff base of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin (modified chitosan adsorbent) has been studied. The aims of this research were modification of chitosan with Schiff base of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin and formaldehyde and its application as antibacterial agent after used as an adsorbent of Zn(II) ion. Characterization of modified chitosan adsorbent was conducted using FTIR spectroscopy. Process of adsorption were conducted at 0.15 g of modified chitosan adsorbent reacted by concentration of Zn(II) ion solution (pH 6, 150 mg/L, 50 mL), contact time at 150 min. and at room temperature (280C). Modified chitosan adsorbent after reacted by Zn(II) ion solution as antibacterial agent with paper disk method. The result showed that chitosan can be modified with Schiff base of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin and formaldehyde to form chitosan linked methylene bridge and Schiff base of 4,4-diaminodiphenyl ether-vanillin. Antibacterial of chitosan and modified chitosan adsorbent were higher than modified chitosan adsorbent after reacted by Zn(II) ion.
Keywords : modified chitosan, antibacterial agen
Study of the Effect of Proximate, Ultimate, and Calorific Value Analysis on Methane Gas Emission (CH4) on Combustion of Coal for Sustainable Environment
Full text linkCoal is a hydrocarbon fuel consisting of a mixture of substances containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and containing less sulfur and nitrogen. Utilization of coal as fuel, especially in large scale causes methane gas emissions that can increase the impact of global warming, causing a decrease in environmental quality. Methane gas emissions in coal combustion are influenced by coal proximate and ultimate analysis. Proximate analysis includes moisture content, volatile matter, and fixed carbon, while ultimate analysis is carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. This study aims to determine the analysis of the effect of proximate, ultimate, and caloric value of methane emissions in coal combustion. This research is experimental, using quantitative method with descriptive and associative approach. The effect of proximate analysis, the lower the calorific value, the higher content moisture, the time and duration of coal combustion will be longer. Coal 5674 cal / gr, burning time 65 minutes, combustion length 39 minutes, moisture content 14.85%, coal 5747 cal / gr, burning time 60 minutes, duration of burning 31 minutes, moisture content 14.71%, coal 5617 cal / gr, burning time 49 minutes, combustion length 28 minutes, moisture content 12.17%, while coal 6992 cal / gr combustion time 38 minutes, combustion time only 4 minutes, and mosisture content 3.53%. Volatile matter in coal will affect the incubation period, the higher the volatile matter of the incubation period the faster. Coal 5617 cal / g incubation period 21 minutes, volatile matter 39.20%, coal 5674 cal / gr incubation period 26 minutes, volatile matter 38.39%, coal 5747 cal / gr, incubation period 29 minutes, volatile matter 39,30 %. For coal 6992 cal / gr incubation period 34 minutes, volatile matter 18.13%. The effect of ultimate analysis, the higher the carbon content, the higher the fixed carbon content, and the lower the hydrogen, the higher the calorific value of the coal and the less methane gas emissions. While the higher the oxygen content, the more burned the coal will be, the faster the incubation time and the longer burning time, so that the emissions of methane gas out into the atmosphere will be more and more
Furosemide self nano emulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS) formulation comprising of capryol-90, polysorbate-80, and peg-400 with simplex-lattice-design
Full text linkPreparation of SNEDDS aims to improve solubility and absorption of furosemide in the body to reduce the dosage and minimize the side effects of drugs. Ternary diagram constructed from composition mixture produced nanoemulsion in the range of 20-40% of capryol-90, 20-40% polysorbate-80 and 40-60% PEG-400. Formulations of SNEDDS using Design-Expert®10 with simplex-lattice-design method in the study was aimed to investigate the effect of SNEDDS each component\u27s proportions towards test responses. Emulsification time, drug content and viscosity were best demonstrated by run-7 with consecutive values of 131.68±2.14 seconds, 99.89±2.68% and 0.87±0.0043 mm2/s. The optimum formula was obtained through entering test response parameter data of all thirteen formula. Drug content and emulsification time was 107.0 ± 1.44% and 155.59±1.56 seconds with viscosity value 0.91±0.00 mm2/s. From the physical stability studies, SNEDDS formulas were stable and did not show phase separation when exposed to temparature stress testing.  
Hepatoprotective effect of ethanol extract of matoa leaves (Pometia pinnata) against paracetamol-induced liver disease in rats
Full text linkThe hepatoprotective effects of matoa leaves were evaluated by paracetamol-induced injury in rat’s hepatocytes. The ethanolic extract of matoa leaves (EEML) at doses of 200, 300, 500 mg/kg, po and silymarin at dose of 100 mg/kg, po were given for seven days. Silymarin was given as the reference drug. Hepatoprotective effect was studied by measuring the level of AST, ALT, ALP and total protein in serum. In vivo, oral treatment with EEML at dose of 500 mg/kg significantly reduced AST, ALT, ALP in serum whereas total protein was not significantly reduce in each groups. These results indicate that the hepatoprotective action of EEML is likely related to its potent antioxidative activity. Neutralizing reactive oxygen species enhancing the activity of original natural hepatic-antioxidant enzymes may be the main mechanisms of EEML against paracetamol-induced injury.
Keywords: Matoa Leaves (Pometia pinnata), Paracetamol, Silymarin, Hepatoprotectio
Organometallic [Fe3O(OOCC6H5)6(H2O)3](NO3) as intercalant of bentonite
Full text linkIntercalation of organometalic compounds [Fe3O(OOCC6H5)6(H2O)](NO3)∙nH2O on bentonite by weight ratio of bentonite:organometallic (1 : 1); (1 : 2); (1 : 3); and (1 : 4) has been carried out. The intercalation bentonite was characterized using FT-IR spectrophotometer, XRD and XRF anayses. Characterization using FT-IR spectrophotometer showed higher intensity of peak wavenumber at 470.6 cm-1 for Fe3-O vibration on the ratio (1 : 3). While XRD characterization showed the shift of diffraction angle of 2θ was 5.2° and has bacal spacing of 16.8 Ǻ. In the XRF characterization, the intercalation process of organometalic compounds [Fe3O(OOCC6H5)6(H2O)](NO3)∙nH2O on bentonite was occurred optimally with percentage of metal oxide reached 71.75 %.
Keywords: intercalation, bentonite, organometallic, [Fe3O(OOCC6H5)6(H2O)](NO3)∙nH2O
Mg/Al double layer hydroxides: intercalation with H3[α-PW12O40]•nH2O
Full text linkIt has been done the intercalation of polyoxometalate H3[α-PW12O40]•nH2O on Mg-Al double layer hydroxide by comparison weight ratio of double layer hydroxides : polyoxometalate H3[α-PW12O40]•nH2O, i.e: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1: 4. The product of intercalated double layer hydroxide was characterized using FT-IR spectrophotometer, XRD, and TG-DTA analysis. The spectrophotometer results of FT-IR shown the process of intercalation was not optimum for every weight ratio. Characterization using XRD showed the process of intercalation was optimum at a ratio 2:1 that indicated at the area of 11,12o, 22,85o and 34,5o as double layer hydroxide and at the area of 60-63o showed the double layer hydroxide has intercalated with polyoxometalate. The characterization results using TG-DTA analysis at the comparison 2:1 showed loss of OH in the layer at 170 to 220°C and for the decomposition of polyoxometalate H3[α-PW12O40]•nH2O at 300 to 400°C.
Keywords: Double Layer Hydroxide, Intercalation, Polyoxometalate H3[α-PW12O40]·nH2
Calcium oxide from Pomacea canaliculata and Babylonia spirata snails
Full text linkThe preparation of CaO from golden snail (Pomacea canaliculata) and lion snail (Babylonia spirata) through decomposition at various temperature i.e 700o, 800o, 900o and 1000oC during 3 hours has been carried out. Calcium oxide from decomposition was characterized using X-Ray diffractometer. Furthermore, the characterization was continued using FT-IR spectrophotometer and determination of surface area using BET analysis. The results showed that the optimum temperature for preparation of CaO from golden snail and lion snail at 900oC with 2q values are: 32.2° , 37.4o , 54o , 64.2o , 67.3° and 32.4°, 37.5°, 67.5 °, respectively. FT-IR spectra showed characteristic vibrations for the Ca-O in the sample golden snail and lion snail combustion products at a temperature of 900oC. Ca-O absorption of golden snail samples in the wavenumber around 362.62 cm-1 and lion snail seen in wavenumber around 384.76 cm-1 indicating the presence of Ca-O vibration of the metal oxide of preparation. Golden snail and the lion snail combustion at 900oC temperature of each sample which has a surface area of 20.495 m2/g, while the lion snail 17.308 m2/g. The pore diameter of golden snail 3.753 nm and 11.319 nm of lion snail. All CaO can be categorized as mesoporous material.
Keywords: golden snail, lion snail, decomposition, Ca
Preparation of calcium oxide from cattle bones as catalyst for conversion of waste cooking oil to biodiesel
Full text linkPreparation of calcium oxide from cattle bones by thermal decomposition for 3 hours using various temperature at 400°, 500°, 800°, 900°, 1000°, and 1100°C. Calcium oxide was characterized using X-Ray Diffractometer. The results of XRD pattern showed of diffraction similar to CaO standard from JCPDS at 2θ: 32.2°; 37.3°; 53.8°; 64.1° and 67.3°. The CaO from heating cattle bones at 1000°C resulting of 2θ: 32.3°; 53.8° and 64.1°. Then, the metal oxide was characterized by FT-IR which showed the existence of CaO at wave number 362.2 cm-1 from CaO vibration. The CaO from cattle bones applied as catalyst on biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil and resulting viscosity value of biodiesel 5.93 cSt, density 0.876 g/cm3, acid value 0.561 mg/KOH and iod number value 16.92 g/100 g, respectively all in the range of SNI standard.
Keywords: cattle bones, calcium oxide, catalyst, biodiesel, waste cooking oil