Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Simultaneous Analysis of 12 Aphrodisiacs in Traditional Medicine using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Get PDFPeople tend to consume traditional medicines compared to synthetic drugs due to their safety and low side effects. The high demand of traditional medicine consumption in public stimulates some traditional medicine industries illegally add medicinal chemicals into their products to elevate the therapeutic effect. In order to accelerate the monitoring program of product quality and safety, the availability of a rapid and reliable analytical method becomes a necessity. The research aims to determine the validity of the liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and its application to simultaneously identify 12 aphrodisiac compounds in male sexual enhancer traditional medicine. The chromatography system used an ion modifier of 0.1% formic acid. The mass spectrometer was equipped with a triple quadrupole (TQD) as a mass analyzer in a positive mode of ESI. The analysis was conducted in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transition. Qualitative analysis was performed using retention time (Rt) of peaks in each compound, within their value of m/z quantifier and qualifier ions. Method validation was performed by evaluating the profile of selectivity, precision, matrix effect, and limit of detection (LOD). A qualitative analysis of the selectivity test was carried out by comparing the retention times between the blank sample added with the reference standards (spiked sample) and those in reference standards, with a difference of ±1minute shifts. Precision analysis on intra-day precision gives results in the range of 2.0–8.6%. The method showed that there was no matrix effect with the extraction efficiency values ranging from 86.2 to 110.9%. The LOD values for the 12 compounds were in the range of 1.6 ± 0.58 to 18.2 ± 6.14 µg/g. The method can be applied to test 49 samples of male sexual enhancer traditional medicines consisting of powder, capsules, solutions, soft capsules, and caplets dosage forms. The tested samples contained 8 (eight) types of aphrodisiac compounds. This study shows that LC-MS can be used to confirm the content of aphrodisiac compounds in traditional medicinal samples
Challenges in Achieving Optimal Warfarin Anticoagulation Control: A Comprehensive Exploration and Proposed Holistic Approaches
Get PDFIn Indonesia warfarin remains the most widely oral anticoagulation prescribed. However, the time in therapeutic range remain low in Indonesia and also in some countries in throughout the world. This study aimed to analyse the challenges of optimal warfarin control from the perspectives of healthcare professionals, patients, health system, and to propose strategies to address these challenges. This research consists of two stages. The first stage was a prospective observational study aiming to analyse the challenges and the second stage of the research was focus group discussion to propose strategies to overcome the challenges. The result of this study showed that the average of TTR was 49.4 ± 32.1, where only 37.5% patients had TTR ≥ 65%. The average dosing consistency obtained was 62.33 ± 32.42%. With regard to INR monitoring interval, almost all patient who had supraterapeutic INR had their INR monitoring interval set to 1 month after the dose adjustment. There were also identified that only 43.8% patients classified as adherent and only 39.5 % patients had good knowledge of warfarin, indicating that the level of medication adherence and knowledge was not optimal. In this study, 14.6% of patients received other drugs that potentially interacted with warfarin that cause fluctuate INR. In conclusion, this study's results showed that there were multiple challenges for optimal warfarin control including barrier for dosing consistency, INR monitoring, patients’ adherence and knowledge, as well as drug interactions. However, there will be still room for improvement. The proposed strategy that likely will achieve optimal benefit was a holistic approach that combine multifaceted strategies to address each barrier
Basil Extract (Ocimum basilicum L) Exhibits Antidiabetic and Hepatoprotective Effects via SIRT1 and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARγ) on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Rats Model
No full textGestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism that causes hyperglycemia and insulin resistance during pregnancy. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptorγ (PPARγ) are genes that play a role in glucose metabolism. Dysregulation of SIRT 1 and PPARγ is associated with the GDM. Hyperglycemia in GDM induces inflammation and oxidative stress in hepatocytes causing liver damage. Basil extract (Ocimum basilicum L) is one of indonesia medicinal plant has been used as traditional medicice in diabetic disorder. This study aims to investigate the hypoglycemic activity of basil extract by evaluating the expression of SIRT 1 and PPARγ in GDM rats and investigate the potential hepatoprotective effect of basil extract by analyzing the rat’s liver histology. Twenty-four of pregnant rats were divided into four groups; negative control, positive group induced by streptozotocin 40 mg/kg BW intraperitoneally, and two groups of GDM rats treated with 100 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW of basil extract for 14 days. Blood glucose levels were examined with a blood glucose meter. The expression of SIRT 1 and PPARγ was assessed by the RT-PCR. Histological analysis of the rat`s liver was conducted to determine the percentage of cell damage and tissue edem The data were statistically processed using SPSS. The extract of basil at a dose of 200 mg/kg BW showed an anti-diabetic effect which decreased the glucose level concentration by about two times compared to the untreated rat. It enhanced the expression of SIRT-significantly with a value of p= 0.035 (p <0.05). Basil extract-treated group showed a trend of increasing PPARγ expression, but not statistically significant. In addition, HE staining on the liver showed a tendency to improve in the group given basil extract. This Study concluded that basil extract could increase SIRT 1 and potential to be an anti-hyperglycemic therapy with a hepatoprotective effect
A Bibliometric Approach to Preclinical Studies of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson as an Antidiabetic
Get PDFThe number of diabetes mellitus (DM) cases has increased, and Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson is recognized for treating DM. Despite publications on T. crispa as an antidiabetic, there were no bibliometric reports on this topic. Thus, this study aimed to conduct bibliometric studies of existing articles on the preclinical trials of T. crispa in DM management. We used Scopus to obtain a bibliographic database of primary research related to the topic. There were 24 selected publications between 1989 and 2019. Data were analyzed with VOSviewer 1.6.16. Malaysia, John Radcliffe Hospital (United Kingdom), Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Hamdan Noor, and Stephen J.H. Ashcroft (John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom) were the most impactful country, institution, source, and author, respectively. The majority and diverse fields of this topic were phytochemistry and pharmacology. Our analysis’s findings strengthen research collaboration and identify research gaps required for herbal medicine applications
The Evaluation of Favipiravir Utilization and Clinical Outcome of Inpatients Covid-19 in Secondary Care Hospital, Central Java
Get PDFCoronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The favipiravir is one of the antiviral treatments for COVID-19. There has been limited research done on favipiravir in Indonesia, and there is controversy on the drug's efficacy. This study aims to determine the utilization of favipiravir affected patients with COVID-19. This study was a retrospective data collection method and an observational study. The information was collected from the medical reports of confirmed COVID-19 patients between in March 2020 and June 2021 at the Secondary Care Hospital in Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia. By comparing clinical symptoms before and after using favipiravir, the results of temperature, respiratory rate, and cough symptom parameters were used to evaluate the effects of using favipiravir on clinical symptoms. The total number of 250 patients were qualified the inclusion criteria consisted of 90 patients with severity of illness in mild level, 101 patients had moderate level, and 59 patients with severe level. Most patients reported symptoms of coughing, shortness of breath, weakness, fever, and nausea. The majority of favipiravir patients (n=200; 80%) initiated with a dose of 1600 mg/12 hours, followed by a dose of 600 mg/12 hours, with the longest length of therapy (8-14 days) (n=145; 58%). At all grades of disease severity, statistical analysis of patients showed the significant improvement in cough, fever, and respiratory rate after taking favipiravir (p=0.0001). In conclusion, favipiravir may have beneficial effects on COVID-19 patients in all grade severity of illness.  
Formulation and Evaluation of Topical Nano-Hydrogel of Zinc and Annona Muricata Extract
No full textA scientific method is essential for phytochemists to deliver active ingredients in a consistent manner. This can be accomplished through the development of novel drug delivery systems for active plant compounds. The current study aims to prepare Annona muricata leaves extract (ALE) containing nano zinc formulation into a nano-particulate hydrogel. The active components were extracted by cold maceration of Anona muricata leaves in ethanol and then converted into polymeric nanoparticles by gelation method based on electrostatic interaction between the Hydroxyl Amine on Chitosan and a cluster of negative charge from the polyanion NaTPP. Zinc oxide nano particles (ZNPs) was formulated by precipitating zinc acetate with sodium hydroxide. These were then incorporated with Carbopol-940 to generate the gel matrix. The result demonstrated that polymeric nanoparticles are closely spherical in shape with a z-average 358.45 ± 11.3 nm and PDI in the range of 0.440-0.812. The gels exhibited a high viscosity, a neutral pH, and acceptable spreadability. Furthermore, a stability assay demonstrates that it has chemical stability and does not cause skin irritation, making it appropriate for transdermal delivery
Knowledge and Attitude among Community Pharmacists regarding Pharmacovigilance – A Cross Sectional Survey
Get PDFThe adverse drug reaction reporting system or pharmacovigilance, as a part of post-marketing surveillance, is the responsibility of every country and national government. Therefore, optimization of knowledge and attitude regarding the system were very essential. This study aimed to examine the relationship between knowledge and attitude regarding pharmacovigilance among pharmacists working in public healthcare services in the rural area. This study was a cross-sectional analytical observational research involving 48 hospital and community pharmacists carried out from July to December 2021 at Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Descriptive statistics and frequency distribution analysis were conducted to obtain an overview of knowledge and attitude regarding pharmacovigilance system, while chi-square examined the relationship between them. The results showed that 60.4% of participants had good knowledge, and 52.1% had a positive attitude regarding the system. It was also confirmed that there was a relationship between knowledge and attitude with a p-value of 0.045. Therefore, there was a relationship between knowledge and attitude regarding pharmacovigilance among pharmacists working in rural public healthcare. Based on the results of this study, it was highly recommended for healthcare practitioners, especially pharmacists, to learn and practice pharmacovigilance in their respective practice
Mangosteen Garcinia mangostana L. Simplicia Effect on Bone Structure and Behaviour of Wader Fish Rasbora lateristriata (Bleeker, 1854) Embryo
Get PDFMangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) is a fruit originating from the tropics which belongs to the Clusiaceae family and has become a commodity with many enthusiasts from various countries. Previous research has shown that mangosteen peel extract has tremendous potential to be developed as an ingredient in herbal medicine. Mangosteen fruit contains anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antihistamine, antidiabetic, anticancer, and so on. The results of the phytochemical screening test of 95% ethanol extract on mangosteen rind showed that it contained flavonoid compounds, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, tannins and polyphenols. There is no data on the effect of exposure to mangosteen pericarip simplicia, therefore it is necessary to study the effect of exposure to mangosteen peel decoction on animal models of Wader Pari Fish (Rasbora lateristriata), with parameters such as morphology and bone structure in larvae wader fish (Rasbora lateristriata). Alcian Blue Alizarin Red staining were used to study bone structure in wader fish (Rasbora lateristriata). Data were statistical analysis with SPSS ver. 25 and the significance was determined using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The morphological examination results revealed that the embryo and larvae had no morphological abnormalities. The cranial cartilage examination also revealed that the larvae had no abnormalities, the length and the angle of the cranial cartilage did not change between the control and mangosteen pericarp simplicia treatment
Vitamin D3 and the Molecular Pathway of Skin Aging
No full textMany women pay attention to skin aging. Signs of aging such as lines, wrinkles, dry skin, hyperpigmentation, and loss of elasticity affect skin appearance and self-confidence. Age, lifestyle, and particularly UV irradiation stimulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS induces the breakdown of collagen through matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Collagen and elastin play a pivotal role in skin aging. They maintain skin integrity, strength, and resiliency. Antioxidant and keratolytic agents are often used in anti-aging products, including several vitamins such as vitamin A, B, C and E. To date, several studies have been reported in the literature for the effects of vitamin D on collagen synthesis and MMPs inhibition. This review focuses on identifying and assessing the molecular pathways of vitamin D effects related to skin aging. The literature was collected from Google Scholar, Elsevier, Science Direct, PubMed, and Scopus databases and accessed between January 2019 and May 2022. The literature screening was conducted using keywords like “vitamin D3”, “collagen”, “matrix metalloproteinases”, “skin aging” and related to the study topic were included. The effect of vitamin D3 on MMPs inhibition (particularly on MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9) has been widely published. Several studies have reported that vitamin D increases collagen synthesis and clinically improves skin elasticity. However, there have been controversial results regarding how vitamin D3 affects transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) correlated with skin elasticity by the molecular pathway. Therefore, it can be concluded that vitamin D3 is a potential alternative agent in improving skin aging
Efficacy of Different Solvents in the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds and Anticancer Activities of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Leaves and Twigs
Get PDFThyme contains phytochemicals that exhibit cytotoxic and cytogenic activities. Differ solvents have different abilities in dissolving plant bioactive compounds. The objective of this study is to determine the anticancer properties of thyme leaves and twigs including profile of bioactive compounds, cytotoxicity, ability of apoptosis induction and caspase-3 activation of different solvent extracts on T47D breast cancer cell line. An experimental study was conducted in eight groups. T47D breast cancer cell line was treated with thyme extracts as treatment group, doxorubicin as positive control, while untreated T47D cells were used as negative control. Thyme was extracted by maceration using 6 different solvents: methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and n-hexane. Bioactive compounds of all extracts were analyzed by GC-MS. Cytotoxicity was investigated through MTT assay on T47D breast cancer cell line. The percentage of apoptosis and caspase-3 were detected by flow cytometry using Annexin V-PI and BD Cytofix/Cytoperm, respectively. Thymol as the main bioactive compound in thyme was found in all extracts. MTT results revealed that six solvents extracts had moderate to weak cytotoxicity with dichloromethane had the lowest IC50 values at 120.23 µg/ml. All thyme extracts promoted apoptosis in T47D cells with apoptosis percentage of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, dichlorometane, n-Hexane and doxorubicin were 82.67; 80.98; 73.13; 72.28; 60.62; 27.74 and 98.43%, respectively. Among all extracts, methanol extract showed the highest apoptosis and caspase-3 activation percentage. We conclude that all thyme extracts had anticancer properties in T47D breast cancer cell line although efficacy of each solvent extract was differed