Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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The Role of Growth Differentiation Factor-15 in the Diagnosis of Patients with Chronic Angina Undergoing Coronary Angiography
Get PDFCoronary artery disease (CAD) is considered the most prevalent leading cause of myocardial ischemia and mortality worldwide and can lead to angina pectoris and myocardial infarction (MI). Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) is usually measured together with other biomarkers to predict all-cause mortality. During stressful conditions associated with tissue injury and inflammation like myocardial ischemia, it is released into circulation and detected at high concentration in foam cells of the atherosclerotic plaque. Its circulating levels are associated with chronic diseases rather than acute diseases mainly cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) like CAD and chronic heart failure (CHF). The aim of the current study was to detect the role of GDF-15 as a new biomarker for the diagnosis of stable angina patients with normal left ventricular ejection fraction who were presented as having stable chest pain, so that to avoid endangering them to the invasive coronary angiography. Fasting venous blood samples were taken from 90 participants who were presented as having chest pain. They were all subjected to echocardiography, electrocardiography and coronary angiography. The left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the biplane M mode method. GDF-15 serum level was measured by using Human GDF-15 Sandwich ELISA Kit following the manufacturer’s instructions.The current study detected a high significant difference in the serum levels of GDF-15 and serum creatinine between the patients and the control group (P≤0.01). On the other hand, there were significant differences in the serum levels of triglycerides and VLDL-C between both study groups (P≤0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that GDF-15 had AUC= 1.00, the best cut off= 254.16 with sensitivity and specificity of 100%. So, it can be concluded that GDF-15 could be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of stable angina patients with obstructive atherosclerotic plaque and normal LV ejection fraction
An Integrated in Silico-In Vitro-In Vivo Approach for Pharmacokinetic Studies of Andrographolide Using Aqueous Extract of Andrographis Paniculata (Burm.F.) Wall. Ex Nees
Get PDFAndrographis paniculata is a herbal plant that has been used traditionally for decades to treat a wide range of diseases. To this date, no research on the integration of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK) has been documented on andrographolide (AG), the primary bioactive compound in A. paniculata. In this study, we employed an in silico approach to predict the physicochemical properties, metabolism, and toxicity of AG. PK properties were validated using in vitro assays and further tested in Wistar rats. Based on in silico prediction, AG demonstrated to be a soluble, permeant, and lipophilic drug. AG was regarded as a non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic drug with a low risk of oral absorption. In vitro assays showed that AG was stable at all pH levels tested, had a high equilibrium solubility and moderately stable in the mouse plasma. AG was also permeant across the Caco-2 monolayer with Papp values of 9.627 × 10−6 cm/s (apical) and 18.1 × 10−6 cm/s (basolateral). It had a stable metabolism in the liver microsomes and did not have any inhibitory effects on the enzymes CYP2C8, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, or CYP3A4 (MDZ). Based on in vivo results, the volume of distribution and clearance were both high, with a short elimination half-life (0.17 ± 0.0 h) contributing to the low oral bioavailability (~2%). Rapid oral absorption was shown with Tmax of 0.25 h. Our data revealed promising drug-like properties of AG, and its pharmacokinetics profiles support its potential in developing andrographolide-based products from natural resources
An Indonesian Version of The Instrument for Measuring Knowledge and Attitudes Toward Antibiotic Among the Population in The Whole Country
Get PDFTo develop a new instrument updated according to the needs of local Indonesian population and to assess its psychometric properties for measuring knowledge and attitudes toward antibiotics. The study was performed with forward and backward translation, an adaptation phase, and validation phase in which we distributed the instrument link via Google Forms to six major regions in Indonesia. Validity was measured using known group validity, construct validity, and Product-moment Correlation. Internal consistency among items was estimated using Cronbach Alpha. Based on the findings in the adaptation phase, additional descriptions (i.e. synonyms or examples) were added to the 6 items. In the validation phase, 1147 participants were recruited. The a priori hypothesis in the known group validity is supported. We also found three items that did not meet construct validity. Based on the results of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in factor analysis, it is better to use four factors with modified domain names based on items that are incorporated in one factor. Based on the results of the validity test using the product-moment correlation for 11 items in the Attitude domain, all items were declared valid. Cronbach's alpha value in the knowledge domain was 0.791 and in the attitude domain was 0.929. Based on the psychometric analysis, the Indonesian Language Antibiotic Knowledge and Attitude Instrument is a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the level of knowledge and attitudes of the general public toward antibiotics in the Indonesian population
An Antioxidant Activity of Extract of Zingiber cassumunar Rhizome, Guazuma ulmifolia Leaves and Their Combination in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats
No full textOxidative stress is related to several metabolic diseases, including hyperlipidemia. Previous studies have shown the antioxidant properties of Zingiber cassumunar rhizomes and Guazuma ulmifolia leaves. The objective of this study was to see the antioxidant activity of Z. cassumunar rhizomes, G. ulmifolia leaves extracts, and their combinations in high-fat diet fed (HFD) rat. The water extract of Z. cassumunar rhizomes and G. ulmifolia leaves was evaporated in a freeze dryer to produce dry extracts. The Wistar rats were assigned into six groups at random: normal, positive, negative, Z. cassumunar rhizome extract at 400 mg/kg BW (ZC); G. ulmifolia leaf extract at 50 mg/kg BW (GU), and the combination of Z. cassumunar rhizome extract and G. ulmifolia leaf extract at (350+50) mg/kg BW (ZC+GU). The rats were fed HFD for 28 days, and the treatment groups also received the extracts for the last 14 days. The combination ZC+GU increased the endogenous antioxidant activity namely superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The metabolite oxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA) was also found to decrease. The conclusion of the study showed that ZC, GU, and ZC+GU had quite high antioxidant activity to inhibiting oxidative stress.
 
Analytical Method Validation and Simultaneous Determination of Ketotifen Fumarate and Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride in Divided Powder by RP-HPLC Method
Get PDFKetotifen fumarate and cyproheptadine HCl are the most popular prescription for children at “X” hospital in Yogyakarta. The interest for studying this divided powder was related to the stability test towards human health. Hence, it was important to developed a validated analytical method to quantify content of active drug from sample. In this study, a reversed phase HPLC (RP-HPLC) method was validated and applied for determining content of ketotifen fumarate and cyproheptadine hydrochloride in divided powder. The developed RP-HPLC method was met the requirement of selectivity and sensitivity. Calibration curve formulas of ketotifen fumarate and cyproheptadine hydrochloride were y = 27714x-79111 (r=0.9945) and y = 26324x+72581 (r=0.9935) in the range of 10.9-54.5 and 10.6-53.0 µg/mL, respectively. Accuracy and intermediate precision were assessed on both standard solution and samples spiked with standard solution of ketotifen fumarate and cyproheptadine hydrochloride. It was found that both standard solution and the spiked samples solution were met the requirement of recovery of 80-110% and RSD of less than 7.3% for intraday and interday analysis. Content of ketotifen fumarate and cyproheptadine hydrochloride in sample (n=7) were 16.574±0.098 and 30.640±0.035 µg/mL, respectively. It can be concluded that the RP-HPLC method was successfully validated and applied in the determination of ketotifen fumarate and cyproheptadine hydrochloride in divided powder
Advances in Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Collagen in Cutaneous Wound Healing
Get PDFWound healing treatment is a challenging strategy in skin drug delivery due to its complexities. During wound healing stages, fibroblast deposit extracellular matrix components, which majority is collagen. Fibrillar collagen, particularly collagen I, is the predominant skin collagen during the healing process. Collagen analysis is a crucial process in wound healing study since it indicates impairment process of collagen production such as scar formation which is aesthetically unwanted. Therefore, recent studies developed quantitative and qualitative evaluation of collagen fiber based on histological staining. Thus, a comprehensive discussion of those studies to provide an insight for pharmacists, dermatologists, and skin researchers to designate a precise assessment in wound healing process.
Keywords: skin, wound, collagen, assessmen
Identification of The Secondary Metabolite Derived from Aaptos spp. and its Antibacterial Activity
No full textMany novel bioactive compounds have been found to be most abundantly produced by sponges. Over the years, Indonesian sponges have played an important role in expanding our understanding of chemical diversity and biological activity. Among those sponges, the sponge genus Aaptos has been shown to have antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial resistance and the spread of infections in the immunocompromised population have all contributed to an increase in the appearance and severity of these infections in recent decades. Finding an alternative antimicrobial drug from marine secondary metabolites will be beneficial. The current study looks into the profile of bioactive compounds derived from the sponge Aaptos. The sponge was collected from Raja Ampat Island, Indonesia. This sample was extracted with ethanol and an ethyl acetate-methanol solvent. Furthermore, Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC), High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were used to map the secondary metabolite related to antimicrobial activity in both extracts. TLC profiling revealed potential alkaloid and terpenoid compounds from both ethanol extract and ethyl acetate-methanol. The HPLC-DAD and PCA results revealed that one of the ethanol crude extracts had a similar profile to Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, and Ampicillin. These antibacterial profiles open up new research avenues, with the ultimate goal of contributing to the development of new and effective antimicrobial drugs. This research also helps with the bioprospecting of marine sponges from Indonesian sea water
Optimization of Gelling Agent and Sunscreen Activity Test of 4-OH-chalcone Gel by In Vitro Method
No full textABSTRACT
The 4-OH-chalcone was suspected to absorb and reduce ultraviolet radiation intensity that exposed to the skin. The 4-OH-chalcone was formulated as gel dosage form using combination of carbopol in content of 0.50-1.00% w/w; propylene glycol in content of 19-20% w/w; and CMC-Na in content of 0.50-1.00% w/w. This study’s purpose was to optimize the three gel bases, evaluate physical properties, physical stability, and activity of 4-OH-chalcone gel as sunscreen by in vitro method. Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method was used to optimize gel base with Design Expert software version 10.0. Activity of 4-OH-chalcone gel as sunscreen was determined spectrophotometrically by determining Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value, percent transmission of erythema (% TE), and percent transmission of pigmentation (% TP). Data were analyzed statistically with SPSS Statistic software. Optimum formula of 4-OH-chalcone gel with 0.50% w/w carbopol content, 0.50% w/w carboxymethylcellulose sodium content, and 20,0% w/w propylene glycol content has pH of 5.59, viscosity of 37.4 dPa.s, spreadability of 28.8 cm2, adhesive time of 1.28 seconds, SPF value of 28.65, %, TE value of 16.44%, %TP value of 0.24%, and relatively stable physical properties
B-Cell Conserved Epitope Screening and In Silico Cloning of Envelope Glycoprotein from Ebola Virus (EBOV) For Vaccine Candidate Construction
Get PDFEbola virus (EBOV) is a type of RNA virus from the family of Filoviridae. The 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in African countries Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone has a total of 28,616 cases and 11,310 deaths. People suffering from Ebola disease reported to have symptoms such as fever, body aches, diarrhea and internal and external bleeding. Death from Ebola is mostly caused by multi-organ failure due to internal bleeding and fluid loss. Another Ebola outbreak has spiked this February 2021, suggesting low effectivity of the previous vaccines used. Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) is known to be the species highly involved on the recent outbreak with a high mortality rate. This study is carried out to design B-cell epitope Ebola vaccine based on the conserved region of Zaire EBOV glycoprotein. Reverse vaccinology and immunoinformatic approaches are used in this study. Samples of Zaire EBOV glycoprotein sequences were retrieved from GenBank, NCBI. The 3D modelling was done by using SWISS-MODEL web server and PyMol software. Phylogenetic tree analysis was also done by using MEGA X. B-cell epitope prediction was done by BepiPred 2.0 and Emini Surface Accessibility using IEDB web server. Epitopes were selected based on its conservancy by comparing the sequences with the MEGA X alignment result. Antigenicity, allergenicity and toxicity properties of the peptides were predicted using VaxiJen 2.0, AllerTOP 2.0 and ToxinPred web servers. In silico cloning was done as the final step using pET-24a(+) expression vector. This study revealed that peptide “LEIKKPD”, “TGFGTNETEYLF”, “PYFGPAA”, “PYFGPA”, and “KLSSTNQL” are the best candidate of B-cell epitope vaccine. Phylogenetic tree and 3D modelling successfully showed the genetic and structural differences of Zaire EBOV GP originating from various countries. In silico cloning was also done using pET28a(+) expression vector to design clone vector map to be used for the next phase of vaccine development
Synthesis and Antioxidant Activity of Some Dibenzylidene-Cyclohexanones
Get PDFDibenzylidene-cyclohexanone is a curcumin analog. Analog of curcumins showed activity as antioxidant. This research is aimed to synthesize and study the antioxidant activity of dibenzylidene-cyclohexanone compounds. The synthesis was carried out according to carbonyl condensation reaction and its antioxidant activity was tested by using DPPH radical scavenging activity and FRAP assay. Compound entry 1 (2,6-bis-(3’-Bromo-4’-methoxybenzylidene)-cyclohexanone) and entry 3 (2,6-bis-(2’-chloro-6’-fluorobenzylidene)- cyclohexanone) were obtained in 70 % yield. Compound entries 1 and 2 gave the same antioxidant activities according to the DPPH method and this result was not good enough compared to vitamin E. Compound entry 1 showed the best antioxidant activity among the series and also had a better antioxidant activity compared to vitamin E. From these results, it can be said that compound entry 1 was the best antioxidant agent in the series.