Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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Prevalence, Attitude and Practice of Herbal Medicine in Bahrain
Get PDFIn the last few years, there has been a growing interest in using herbs worldwide for treating various diseases, however, there is not much knowledge about the prevalence of herbal medicine (HM) use in Bahrain. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence, attitude, perception, and practice of using HMs by the Bahraini population. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 694 individuals aged 18–65 years from the Kingdom of Bahrain. A snowball non-random sampling design with an electronically distributed structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The questionnaire had 19 questions divided into four themes. Information was obtained on sociodemographic characteristics, perceptions, attitudes, and the practice of using HMs among participants. Most of the respondents (73.5%) were females. 73.6% of the participants were interested in HMs, and approximately 90.5% were interested in receiving more information about HMs. It was found that 92.4% of participants declared to have used HMs; with 86.7% of them applying HMs for therapeutic purposes; 61.6% of them reporting partially successful efficacy. 85.6% of the sample believed that the reason for using herbs was the lower rate of side effects compared to conventional medicines. More than half of the participants thought that herbs were safer than conventional medicines (61.8%). Additionally, most of the participants used the internet and social media as their main sources of information (80.5%), while 78.9% got information about herbs from friends. It was also found that there were several sociodemographic characteristics that affected individuals’ perceptions, practices, and attitudes; age and gender being the most common. HM usage is increasing in Bahrain for therapeutic purposes, and thus, it is vital to create trusted channels enhancing knowledge and awareness of the Bahraini population about the proper use of herbs and their potential side effects
Formulation of Lotion with Ethanol Extract of Curcuma manga Val. as UV B Sunscreen and Activity Test using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry
Get PDFTemu mango (Curcuma manga Val) is a rhizome plant native to Indonesia that contains curcuminoid and flavonoid antioxidant compounds. These compounds are thought to have activity as UV light protectors, especially UV B. This study uses a qualitative test of the compound content in temu mango followed by formulation and activity testing of water in oil (w/o) sunscreen lotion of temu mango in vitro. Optimization of w/o lotion formulation uses Design Expert® (DE) software version 9.0.4.1 with the Simplex Lattice Design method. The DE software obtained 13 runs of w/o lotion formula and continued with physical properties evaluation to determine the optimum formula. The optimum formula of lotion w/o predicted by DE software was tested for physical stability for four weeks, SPF test, percent pigmentation, and percent erythema using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results of the study show that temu mango extract was found to provide an SPF value at a concentration of 0.3 mg/mL with an SPF value of 16.62. The results of the optimum formula of lotion w/o were 7%glycerin, 7% cera alba, 5% cetyl alcohol with a value of stickiness of 0.70 ± 0.03 seconds, spreadability of 13.20 ± 0.83 cm2, and viscosity of 95.19 ± 3.06 dPa.s. Referring to the storage results, the optimum formula of w/o lotion from temu mango extract was stable during one month of storage. The w/o lotion in the optimum formula produced an SPF value of 15.06 ± 0.39, percent erythema of 10.95%, and percent pigmentation of 10.41%
Nephroprotective Effect of Milkfish, Patin, and Snakehead Fish Oil by Suppressing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats
Get PDFDiabetic nephropathy (DN) has been linked to a number of long-term problems caused by diabetes mellitus. Inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways contribute to DN development and progression. Many studies have shown the preventive advantages of diets rich in substances like anti-inflammatory and antioxidant elements like omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) in preventing DN. Milkfish (Chanos chanos F.), patin (Pangasius micronema Blkr.), and snakehead fish (Chana striata Bloch) are types of fish oils that are known to contain n-3 FA. This study aims to prove the nephroprotective effect of the three types of fish oil in a rat model of diabetes mellitus. Thirty male rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into six groups (n = 5): the non-diabetic group, the diabetes mellitus group, the diabetic with 150 mg/kg metformin orally group, the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg milkfish oil orally group, the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg patin fish oil orally group, and the diabetic with 1000 mg/kg snakehead fish oil orally group. Diabetes models were induced using 65 mg/kg streptozotocin and 230 mg/kg nicotinamide intraperitoneally. The test was carried out for 8 weeks, followed by the observation of the biochemical profiles of blood, urine, oxidative stress, and the immunohistochemistry of the kidneys. A normally and homogeneously distributed test followed by a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the LSD post hoc test were used to look at the data. At p≤0.05, the data was considered statistically significant. The results showed that serum creatinine levels did not differ significantly after the administration of milkfish, catfish, and snakehead fish oil for 8 weeks (p≥0.05). Different results were shown where the levels of serum BUN, uric acid, urine urea, and microalbumin urine were significantly different after administration of the three types of fish oil (p≤0.05). The same results were shown in oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde) and inflammation (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) profiles (p≤0.05). The conclusion is that milkfish, patin, and snakehead fish oils have moderate nephroprotection by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress
Antiinflammatory and Antimelanogenic Effects of Xylocarpus granatum J. Koenig Leaf Extract Cream on UVB Radiation-Induced Sunburn in Guinea Pigs
Get PDFXylocarpus granatum J. Koenig is a medical mangrove plant predominantly found in tropical and subtropical coastal regions, including Indonesia. The plant contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids, which exhibit antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimelanogenic effects. This study was aims to determine the antiinflammatory and antimelanogenesis effect of Xylocarpus granatum leaf ethanol extract cream. The compounds of Xylocarpus granatum leaf ethanol extract was identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The potential of the extract as a sunscreen was evaluated through the analysis of sun protection factor (SPF) value. The antioxidant activity of the extract was assessed using the DPPH method. The antiinflammatory and antimelanogenic effects of cream were evaluated through histopathological analysis of epidermal thickness and melanin levels in ultraviolet B (UVB)-exposed ginea pig skin. The Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract was found to contain 16 compounds, of which 11 compounds were identified as antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and/or antimelanogenic. The Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract exhibited a high level of sun protection with an SPF value of 35.56. Additionally, the extract displayed strong antioxidant activity, as indicated by an IC50 value of 64,57 ppm. Treatment with 10% Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract cream significantly reduced epidermal thickness (p-value = 0.165), while 15% Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract cream showed a significant decrease in melanin levels (p-value = 0.828) compared to the hydroquinone treatment. This study concluded that Xylocarpus granatum leaf extract exhibit as a potential source for the development of health-related products, particularly those involving antioxidant, antiinflammatory and antimelanogenic properties
Thymoquinone Increased Warfarin 7-hydroxylation in Human Liver Microsomes and Induced the Expression of CYP2C9 in HepG2 Cells
Get PDFThe herbal-drug interaction is an interesting phenomenon that can induce therapeutic complications in patients. Warfarin is widely used as an anticoagulant, which has a narrow therapeutic index. The combination of herbal and warfarin has consequences in the outcome therapy on the attenuation of drug efficacy or increased toxicity. This study aims to investigate the effect of thymoquinone on warfarin 7-hydroxylation activity in human liver microsome (HLM) and the expression of CYP2C9 in HepG2 cells. To investigate the co-administration of thymoquinone on warfarin 7-hydroxylation was conducted using HLM and HepG2 cells. The study was divided into three groups: control, warfarin, and combination of warfarin-thymoquinone. The metabolite of 7-hydroxywarfarin (7-OH warfarin) in HLM was determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Furthermore, the induction effect of thymoquinone on the expression of CYP2C9 in HepG2 cells was determined by RT-PCR. The results of the validated method used were selective for HLM 7-hydroxywarfarin, with an LLOQ of 0.62 μM, and it meets the criteria for accuracy and precision for metabolite analysis. The results showed that the co-incubation of thymoquinone at 0.37mM significantly increased warfarin 7-hydroxylation activity (P < 0.05). In addition, the incubation for 72 hours of thymoquinone also significantly induced the expression of CYP2C9 in HepG2 cells (P < 0.05). These findings provide valuable insights that the combination of thymoquinone with warfarin significantly increased the warfarin 7-hydroxylation activity in human liver microsomes and expression of the CYP2C9 in HepG2 cells, which may have an impact on the clinical outcomes of warfarin in patients
Effect of Deodorization Methods on Physico-Chemical and Fatty Acids Properties of Refined Milkfish (Channos Channos) By-Product Oil
Get PDFMilkfish oil possesses beneficial properties for human health due to its composition of omega-3 fatty acids, which are essential fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). EPA and DHA are long-chain unsaturated fatty acids susceptible to oxidation and produce compounds that cause odors from oil degradation. Ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed for 68 min at 84 °C with a solvent-to-sample ratio of 3:1 mL/g using d-limonene as a bio-solvent to extract milkfish by-product oil. One of the crucial stages in the oil refining process is deodorization. In this study, several deodorization techniques were used, including liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), steam distillation (SD), and solid-phase adsorption using activated carbon (AC), zeolite (ZT), bentonite (BT), and diatomite (DT). Refined milkfish by-product oil during refining with the deodorization method showed significant differences in physical-chemical characteristics, nutrition, and saturation levels compared with crude oil. The LLE method can significantly reduce the acid and peroxide values and maintain the composition of omega-3 fatty acids. The low temperature used in LLE can prevent the oxidation and degradation of oil. The LLE and solid-phase adsorption method is beneficial because it is low-cost, efficient, and easy to use in milkfish oil deodorization
Indonesian Indonesian Medicine Plants for Mental Health Disorders: Anxiety and Depression
No full textMental health disorders are currently widely discussed, especially anxiety and depression. The number of people living with anxiety and depression disorders in 2020 increased significantly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. These mental health disorders are quite serious and need to be addressed. Indonesian people for generations have used medicinal plants in everyday life, one of which is to treat symptoms of mental health disorders such as increasing mood and motivation, calming, overcoming depression, stress, anxiety, and sleep disorders. However, there has been no comprehensive review on the ethnopharmacology of Indonesian medicinal plants that can treat mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety and there is also little scientific evidence to support the efficacy of these plants. This paper reviews Indonesian medicinal plants used to treat mental health disorders and reviews the scientific evidence for these plants. We conduct literature studies of scientific articles, research journals, and books at national and international vessels. The search results identified 67 Indonesian medicinal plants used to treat symptoms of mental health disorders. The Zingiberaceae family is reported as the most medicinal plant that can potentially treat mental health disorders such as depression and anxiety. Several plants have been proven in preclinical research, but many still have not been studied and proven. Therefore, further research on Indonesian medicinal plants that can overcome mental health disorders must be carried out to provide knowledge and develop drugs for mental health disorders
Beta-Blocker in Heart Rate Control and Cardio Protection: The Role of ADRB1 Variants and HCN4 Regulation – A Systematic Review
Get PDFElevated heart rate is linked to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Sinoatrial (SA) nodes, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated-4 (HCN4) channels, and beta1-adrenergic receptor (ADRB1) are responsible for generating the heart rate. Beta-blockers have a cardioprotective effect on heart failure, including controlling heart rate. However, the responses to beta-blockers can vary among individuals. ADRB1 genetic variability may be contributed to the differential beta-blocker effect in heart failure. HCN4 also performs a crucial function in the pacemaker cells of the heart. Exploring the effect of beta-blockers in pacemaker cells is expanding the view of their role and their therapeutic response in heart failure. The objectives of this study were to identify ADRB1 genetic variants affecting heart rate response in heart failure subjects with beta-blocker treatment and to explore the effect of beta-blockers on HCN4 channels and SA nodes. A systematic review was performed using three databases. Eight of 668 manuscripts were selected. The systematic review found that ADRB1 genetic variants (A145G (Ser49Gly) and C1165G (Arg389Gly)) can affect heart rate response in beta-blocker-treated heart failure. The study also found that the percentage of patients with the Ser49Ser-Gly389X haplotype achieved a heart rate target was higher than other haplotypes. Individuals with the Arg389Arg genotype necessitated a markedly increased amount of beta-blocker dose to reach the identical heart rate target compared to those with the Gly389X gene variation. In addition, the review found that carvedilol, a beta-blocker derivative, demonstrated beneficial effects in inhibiting HCN-gated channels. Bisoprolol and carvedilol improved channel regulation in the SA Node by reversing the downregulation of HCN4 and sodium channels. In general, this systematic review provides important insights into beta-blockers in treating heart failure, specifically concerning the genetic variability of ADRB1 and the beta-blockers effect on the SA node and HCN4 channels
Phytochemical, Nutraceutical and Pharmacological Aspects of the Philippine native Acalypha angatensis Blanco, Fl. Filip.
Get PDFThe genus Acalypha has valuable species that have significant pharmaceutical applications. This study investigated the phytochemical composition and thin layer chromatography (TLC) profile, as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the ethanolic extract of Acalypha pulogensis Sagun & G.A. Levin, an endemic species in the Philippines. Qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids. Nutrient analysis showed that potassium and calcium content were at 1499 mg/100 g and 1380 mg/100 g, respectively. The determination of the total phenolic content (TPC) showed that this species has an average of 282.24 ± 3.56 mg GAE/g and a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 36.24 ± 3.77 mg QE/g of dried extract. These values were found to be higher than those of other Acalypha species. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH antioxidant assay, and the extract showed a concentration-dependent radical scavenging effect with an IC50 of 34.02 µg/mL. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using various concentrations against drug-resistant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria using a resazurin-based assay. The ethanolic extract exhibited substantial antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium (NCTC 12204) and MRSA (ATCC 33592), with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4 mg/mL. Higher concentrations (>20 mg/mL) were needed for inhibition of the Gram-negative strains (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter cloacae). These results suggest that A. pulogensis has good antioxidant and antibacterial activities that support its use in traditional medicine.
 
Manipulation Strategy to Increase Expression Level of Soluble Recombinant Protein Penicillin G Acylase (PGA) in Bacterial Host Escherichia coli: A Review Article
No full textThe strategy of producing PGA on a massive scale with high levels of soluble protein can be through recombinant genetic techniques and expressed in a certain host. E. coli is still a popular bacterial host to produce a recombinant protein which has advantages such as fast growth, low production cost, and high expression rate. Apart from its advantages, E. coli as a production host also has disadvantages including the expression of recombinant proteins often failing to form the proper folding conformation which makes the protein biologically inactive. Many strategies can be developed to overcome these problems, such as the selection of the host strain (E. coli HB101 & JM109), fusion protein to enhance the recovery of soluble protein (MBP & NusA), optimization of fermentation (low-temperature incubation), and optimization of the protein isolation process for the recovery of active PGA (Freeze-thawing method)