Indonesian Journal of Pharmacy
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DNA-Protecting and Radical Scavenging Activities of Coffee Husk (Cascara) Robusta and Arabica Extracts
No full textIncreased coffee production leads to higher coffee husk (Cascara) waste, which presents an environmental challenge. Cascara has mainly been utilized for fertilizer and animal feed, offering limited economic value. The compounds in cascara have antioxidant properties that promise to prevent chronic diseases linked to oxidative stress, including cancer and aging. However, no evidence exists that cascara effectively safeguards DNA from disease-causing free radicals. The study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and DNA damage protection properties of cascara from Robusta and Arabica coffee, which were extracted using water and 70% ethanol. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the DPPH radical scavenging method, and DNA protection was evaluated by subjecting the extract to a pUC19 cutting reaction with hydroxyl radicals from the Fenton reaction. The amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds was quantitatively analysed using the colorimetric method, while the qualitative analysis of flavonoid compounds was conducted using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The ethanol extract of Robusta cascara demonstrates the highest antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 297.74 mg/L and a 62.13% inhibition of DNA damage. This efficacy is attributed to the abundance of phenolic compounds (214.80 mg CAE/g extract) and flavonoids (13.61 mg QE/g extract) present in the extract, which are believed to contribute to these activities through radical scavenging, iron chelation, and stabilization of DNA structure. Cascara Robusta and Arabica extracts feature distinct flavonoid profiles, as evidenced by the TLC findings. This suggests that the type of flavonoid in the extract also influences antioxidant activity and DNA protection in addition to the quantity of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. These findings suggest that Robusta cascara's ethanol extract is a promising source of natural antioxidants and DNA protective agents, with potential applications in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products to prevent various chronic diseases linked to oxidative stress
Potential Preventive Effects of Ficus carica Puree from Reduced Number of Ileal Microbiota and Tissue Damage on Ileal and Hippocampal Acute Hypoxia-induced Sprague–Dawley Rats
No full textAcute hypoxia (AH) increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may cause intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction and neurological injury. This study investigated the potential preventive effects of Ficus carica puree (FCP) in supporting the growth of intestinal microbiota and improving the modulation of gut-brain axis function. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups: NO group (exposed to normoxia), AHC group (AH+corn oil 1 mL/200 g/weight/day), AHE group (AH+vitamin E 1 mL/200 g/weight/day), AHF1 group (AH+FCP 1 mL/200 g/weight/day), AHF2 group (AH+FCP 2 mL/200 g/weight/day), and AHF3 group (AH+FCP 4 mL/200 g/weight/day). The feeding duration was 28 days before AH induction (using a hypoxia chamber with 90% N2 and 10% O2 for 4 h). Ileal and brain tissues were harvested on the last dayor histopathological analysis and for examining the total population of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), Escherichia coli, and coliforms. Hematoxylin-eosin staining on the ileal and hippocampal tissues of AHF1, AHF2, and AHF3 groups showed less inflammatory cells and the absence of tissue damage compared with the AHC group. The population of LAB and coliforms was higher in the AHF1 and AHF3 groups than in the AHC group, whereas the population of Escherichia coli was higher in the AHF1 group than in the AHC group. FCP mitigated the effects of increased ROS production due to AH induction by maintaining the integrity of the gut microbiome, thus modulating the function of the gut-brain axis
Community Pharmacist’s Perception of the Benefits, Patient’s Needs, Readiness, and Barriers to Implementing Telepharmacy Services
Full text linkTelepharmacy has shown a beneficial impact on delivering pharmacy service yet still has some limitations that discourage pharmacists from using it. The perceptions of pharmacists towards telepharmacy are required to map the strategy to develop telepharmacy. This study was aimed at ascertaining the pharmacists’ perception and analyzing factors associated with perception towards telepharmacy services of community pharmacists in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study using a validated 29-item questionnaire was carried out in Yogyakarta during March-July 2023. The survey was conveniently distributed to the community pharmacists using paper-based and Google form links shared to WhatsApp groups and individual contact numbers. Of the 273 pharmacists, 87.5% (N=239) were female, most of them had experienced less than 5 years working in community pharmacy, 44.7% (n=122) and had been implementing telepharmacy, 79.9% (N=218). All the pharmacists showed a positive perception of telepharmacy. Testing the demographic characteristics associated with pharmacists’ perception, showed that the type of pharmacy showed a significant correlation to benefit (p=0.022), readiness (p=0.000), and barrier to implement telepharmacy (0.036), while the availability of telepharmacy has been significantly associated with the perception of benefit (p=0.000), patients’ need (p=0.004), readiness (p=0.000) and barriers to implementing telepharmacy (p=0.0002). The positive perception of community pharmacists in Indonesia regarding telepharmacy service needs to be optimized with comprehensive regulations, guidelines, and technical infrastructure support
Hair Serum Nanoemulsion loaded Clove Essential Oil Formulation for Androgenetic Alopecia: Characterization and Hair Growth Activity
Full text linkAndrogenetic alopecia (AA) is hair loss caused by genetic factor and androgen hormone. Clove essential oil (CEO) contain eugenol which has anti-androgen activity and can be used to treat AA. Formulation CEO into hair serum nanoemulsion overcome the CEO from several disadvantages. The aims of this study were preparation, characterization, and evaluation hair growth activity of hair serum nanoemulsion loaded CEO. The chemical components of CEO were analysed by gas chromatography. The optimum formula was obtained using the D-Optimal Design method and was further characterized for droplet size, size distribution, pH, viscosity, thermodynamic stability, and storage stability. In vivo of skin irritation and hair growth activity were evaluated. The result showed that the GC-MS analysis of the CEO consisted of eight components, which the main component was eugenol (60.72%). The optimum formula consisted of CEO (10.63%), cremophor RH 40 (67.5%), and propylene glycol (21.87%). Formula has the droplet size of 31.26±0.155 nm, the PDI value of 0.24±0.008, the pH of 5.55±0.01, the viscosity of 2386.18±62.77 cP, physically stable, and did not show the skin irritation. The length and weight hair of the treatment group was 2.28±0.12 cm and 2.28±0.12 g, respectively. Clove oil nanoemulsion hair serum is effective in promoting hair growth and may serve as a promising treatment product for alopecia areata. 
Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Ludwigia Species: Potential Applications in Acne Treatment
Full text linkAcne vulgaris is a current issue of concern due to its negative impact on the patient's life. Therefore, discovery of new safer treatment with fewer side effects based on natural materials is urgent. Current efforts focus on the exploration of natural medicinal sources to identify bioactive compounds with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. The genus Ludwigia, belonging to the family Onagraceae has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of hormonal imbalances. However, the investigation on its bioactivities, phytochemistry and pharmaceutical applications remains limited, especially in Vietnam. In this study, five ethanol extracts (L. octovalvis, L. adscendens, L. hyssopifolia, L. prostrata and L. peruviana) were screened for their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that the ethanol extract of L. octovalvis (LOE) exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy against all three tested strains with MIC values of 450 μg/mL, 550 μg/mL and 600 μg/mL, respectively. This extract also showed high antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 18.98 ± 0.09 μg/mL, as determined by the DPPH assay. A preliminary phytochemical study on the bioactive ethanol extract of L. octovalvis revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, tannins, glycosides, carotenoids, fixed oil, amino acids and proteins. The quantitative phytochemical analysis displayed a total phenolic content (TPC) of 305.94 ± 1.46 mg GAE/g and total flavonoid content (TFC) 51.42 ± 0.27 mg QE/g. Our report considers the first to investigate the in vitro anti-acne and potential application of L. octovalvis in producing natural skin care products with antimicrobial and antioxidant capabilities
Knowledge of Intravenous Preparation among Health Professionals and Assessment of the Sterile Product Label Information Coverage
Full text linkIndividual knowledge of intravenous medicine (IVM) preparation is essential in patient safety. Comprehensive information on IV product preparation is indispensable within healthcare settings. Brochures constitute a primary resource for understanding the preparation of injectable medications. This research aims to investigate individual knowledge of IVM preparations and to assess the completeness of the information provided in package brochures regarding the IVM preparation processes. This research employed a cross-sectional design to investigate the subject matter. Questionnaires were utilized to identify the characteristics and individual knowledge of healthcare professionals involved in dispensing intravenous medicine (IVM). A cohort of 80 health professionals participated in the study. A checklist form was employed to evaluate the completeness of the information provided in 148 package brochures regarding IVM preparation. Subsequently, the data within the brochures were compared to the Regulation outlined by the Indonesian National Food and Drug Authority. The findings indicated that 79 respondents (98.75%) comprehended the reconstitution process, with 46 respondents (57.5%) undergoing aseptic dispensing training. Among the respondents, 48 (60%) primarily relied on brochures as their main information source, while 49 (61.25%) reported encountering details primarily concerning dose and solubility products. Among the 148 assessed brochures, storage methods were included in 146 (99%) brochures, reconstitution methods in 54 (36%) brochures, drug incompatibility in 28 (19%), stability of drugs in 12 (8%), and only 10 (7%) brochures provided a list of excipients. Enhancing individual knowledge regarding IVM preparation is crucial, necessitating support through comprehensive training initiatives. A significant proportion of medical personnel rely on brochures for information during IVM preparations, yet not all brochures comply with mandatory government regulations. These findings underscore the necessity for manufacturers to ensure completeness in brochure content. The comprehensive inclusion of information within brochures is vital in preventing discrepancies and increasing the safety standards associated with administering intravenous preparations to patients
Pharmacists' and Community Knowledge on The Safety and Halal Status of Pediatric Medications Containing Alcohol
Full text linkKnowledge of the halal characteristics of products is essential in evaluating product quality, especially within societies where this consideration holds substantial significance. In this context, the presence of alcohol in medicinal substances can significantly impact consumer preferences due to potential halal implications and safety concerns. Therefore, this study aims to assess the level of awareness and comprehension concerning these critical aspects among pharmacists and the broader community. This study involved a convenience sampling method of 180 participants from the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The sample consisted of 100 community members with prior experience purchasing pediatric cough and flu syrups and 80 community pharmacists. Data collection utilized a self-administered, paper-based questionnaire distributed from April-June 2023. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The study revealed that 76.1% of the community exhibited good knowledge of the halal considerations regarding alcohol in pediatric cough and flu syrup medications. However, there appeared to be a lack of specific knowledge regarding the permissible alcohol content necessary for these medications to qualify as halal. Concerning community pharmacists, they demonstrated a nuanced understanding of both the health risks associated with alcohol in such syrups and the halal considerations, reflecting an average knowledge score of 73.88%. Notably, The community pharmacist did not have adequate knowledge regarding the legally permissible alcohol content limits in pediatric medications, as well as the resulting blood alcohol concentration in children following consumption. This study highlights the imperative for pharmacists to enhance their comprehension of alcohol content within pediatric formulations and actively disseminate this information within the community
Dichloromethane Fraction of Vernonia amygdalina Delile Synergistically Enhances Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin on 4T1 Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells through Apoptosis Induction and Cell Cycle Modulation
No full textDoxorubicin (Dox) belongs to the chemotherapeutics agent that is commonly used to cure non-specific markers of cancers, including Triple Negative Breast Cancers (TNBC). Due to its toxicity to normal cells, the use of Dox is usually accompanied by another agent to increase the potency or to reduce the adverse effects. This study investigated the potential of Africa Leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Delile) extracts in combination treatment with Dox to increase the cytotoxicity in accordance with cell cycle modulation and apoptosis induction on TNBC cells. The MTT cell viability assay on 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells confirmed that only dichloromethane (DCM) fraction showed cytotoxic activities on both cells in a low grade. The DCM fraction increased the cytotoxic activity of Dox on 4T1 cells in a synergistic manner. The synergistic effect correlated with its activities in cell cycle modulation to accumulate the cells in sub-G1 phase and significantly induced apoptosis. In conclusion, the DCM fraction exhibits potential to be a co-chemotherapeutics agent for Dox to suppress TNBC cells growth through apoptosis induction
Exploring Marine Invertebrate-Associated Bacteria for Novel Antibiotics: Isolation, Activity Screening, and Potential Bioactive Compounds
No full textMarine bacteria associated with marine invertebrates are an interesting source to find compounds with potential bioactivities due to their ability to survive along with their host through evolution. Recent studies also found that secondary metabolites that previously isolated from marine invertebrates such as bryostatins were produced by the bacterial symbionts. Therefore, we screened bacteria from various marine invertebrates in Pulau Pari, Kepulauan Seribu, Jakarta for their antibacterial activities. The aim of this study to obtain potential bacterial strains that produce novel antibiotics. Isolation of bacteria from 16 marine invertebrates were accomplished using media Marine Agar, ISP2, YMA, and MS. We picked 97 bacterial strains for the testing of antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium smegmatis, Staphylococcus aureus, Eschericia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis. The result showed that 19 of the bacterial strains showed activity against at least one of the test bacteria. One of the strains exhibited potent antibacterial activity against M. smegmatis. Partial identification using 16S rRNA revealed that the strains has 99.58% sequence similarity to Micrococcus luteus NCTC 2665T. Chemical analysis using GC-MS showed 9,12- Octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z); Octadecanoic acid; 2-(Dimethylamino)ethyl vaccenoate; and Cyclopropane,1,1-dichloro-2,2,3,3-tetramethyl- were major compounds with putative antibacterial activity. The results of this study emphasize the prospect of targeting this strain for further exploration to isolate and to characterize novel antibiotics from marine bacteria
Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Formulated with Palm Kernel Stearin and Rice Bran Oil as Squalene Carriers Via Ultrasonication
Full text linkThe main objective of this study was to optimize squalene-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers using a lipid matrix of palm kernel stearin, rice bran oil, and Tween 80 as surfactants. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) was prepared using the ultrasonication method. Optimization process was performed using Box-Behnken Design (BBD) response surface methodology (RSM). Three ultrasonication parameters were employed including temperature, time, and amplitude. The optimization was evaluated for its response on particle size (X1), polydispersity index (X2), zeta potential (X3), and encapsulation efficiency (X4). Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photograph, peroxide value (PV), free fatty acid value, anisidine value, stability, particle size (PS), polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE) were tested on nanostructured lipid carrier squalene-loaded (NLC-s) and control samples within a storage time of 28 days. These NLC-s were prepared by ultrasonication time of 24.8 minutes, amplitude of 80, and temperature of 43.7°C. The characteristics of the NLC-s were evaluated before and after storage for 28 days at room temperature resulted in particle size (nm) of 38.6 and 40.3, PDI of 0.282 and 0.213, zeta potential (mV) of -34.1 and -34.8, and EE of (%) 85.69 and 84.04, respectively. The empty NLC had particle size (nm) of 37.4 and 38.5, PDI of 0.240 and 0.276, and zeta potential (mV) of -41.5 and -32.9.