Leiden University Scholary Publications
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Towards responsible and resilient mineral supply chains, with case studies on cobalt, antimony, and zinc
No full textTo meet the rising demand for minerals driven by the global shift to clean energy technologies, ensuring responsible and resilient supply chains is critical. Minerals like cobalt, lithium, and nickel for batteries, neodymium and zinc for wind turbines, and indium for solar panels are essential. However, production concentration, trade dependencies, and supply disruptions raise concerns about supply security and environmental impacts. This dissertation investigates how to create responsible and resilient mineral supply chains through case studies of cobalt, antimony, and zinc. Using a resilience framework, the research identifies key mechanisms such as supply diversity, price feedback loops, and recycling. For cobalt, concentrated production in the Democratic Republic of Congo heightens risks, mitigated by network diversity and artisanal mining. Antimony's reliance on China underscores the need for diversification and recycling, while zinc benefits from greater supply diversity but faces bottlenecks from smelter closures and energy price surges. Responsible sourcing, defined as managing social, environmental, and economic sustainability, emerges as vital. Recommendations include diversifying sources, increasing recycling, and promoting substitution. This study highlights the importance of integrating resilience frameworks and responsible practices to secure critical minerals sustainably for the clean energy transition, balancing growing demand with societal and environmental considerations.Industrial Ecolog
HRH profile series of NNHRR working group of ESCR: good news from the polder: economic, social, and cultural rights are not forgotten!
Get PDFThe blog highlights the creation of the working group on economic, social and cultural rights within the Netherlands Network for Human Rights Research (Asser Institute), it shows the importance of doing research on ESCR.The Legitimacy and Effectiveness of Law & Governance in a World of Multilevel Jurisdiction
Up close and personal: how size affects politics in 65 Greek island municipalities
Get PDFTo better understand the functioning of subnational politics, knowledge of size effects is indispensable. By means of a mixed-methods analysis of elections in 65 Greek island municipalities, this paper examines the effects of size on a wide range of democratic outcomes in a new, underexplored context. Our quantitative analysis is complemented by a comparative investigation of the neighbouring municipalities of Chios (population 54,000) and Psara (population 460). We find that smaller municipalities have higher levels of participation, lower levels of competition, and a greater presence of independent candidates without party labels. On the other hand, we do not find evidence for an effect of size on the re-election of incumbents or the prevalence of clientelism.Institutions, Decisions and Collective Behaviou
Single immunization with genetically attenuated Pf△mei2 (GA2) parasites by mosquito bite in controlled human malaria infection: a placebo-controlled randomized trial
Get PDFMalaria vaccines consisting of metabolically active Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites can offer improved protection compared with currently deployed subunit vaccines. In a previous study, we demonstrated the superior protective efficacy of a three-dose regimen of late-arresting genetically attenuated parasites administered by mosquito bite (GA2-MB) compared with early-arresting counterparts (GA1-MB) against a homologous controlled human malaria infection. Encouraged by these results, we explored the potency of a single GA2-MB immunization in a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Primary outcomes were safety and tolerability, time-to-parasitemia and protective efficacy. Humoral and cellular immunological results were considered secondary outcomes. Here we report the safe administration of GA2-MB with no breakthrough malaria and sterile protection in nine of ten participants at 6 weeks after a single immunization with 50 GA2-infected mosquitoes, compared with none of five mock-immunized participants, against a homologous controlled human malaria infection. Immunization increased circulating Pf-specific polyfunctional effector memory CD4+ T cells coexpressing tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-2. This unprecedented 90% protective efficacy after a single low-dose immunization holds great promise for the potency of GA2 immunization. Future studies should demonstrate whether GA2 is similarly efficacious in pre-exposed populations and whether the favorable safety profile reported here holds up in larger groups. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05468606.Host-parasite interactio
Citizens' perceptions of the legitimacy of independent agencies: The effects of expertise‐based and reputation‐sourced authority
No full textNWOVI.Veni.191R.078The politics and administration of institutional chang
Recording practices of body mass index, overweight and obesity by Dutch general practitioners: an observational study
Get PDFBackgroundRoutine body mass index (BMI) recording in electronic health records (EHR) could support general practitioners (GPs) in managing patients with obesity. This study aimed to evaluate recording practices of BMI, overweight, and obesity in adults including subgroup analysis of age, sex, and comorbidities in primary care in the Netherlands.MethodsAn observational study of individuals aged ≥ 18 years and registered between 2007 and 2023, using routine healthcare data from the Extramural LUMC Academic Network (ELAN) in the Netherlands. Outcomes were (i) incidence rates of a recorded BMIs per 1000 person-years for sex and ten-year age categories (ii) proportions of recorded BMIs for different comorbidities and (iii) proportions of diagnosis of overweight (BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2) and/or obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) for a corresponding recorded BMI.ResultsApproximately 30% of 676,708 individuals had a recorded BMI. Highest incidence rate (186 per 1000 person-years) was at age 71 to 80 years. At least one BMI was recorded in 68.5% individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 70.6% with hypertension, 86.3% with type II diabetes, 42.4% with eating disorders, 36% with depression and 64.2% with osteoarthritis. Diagnoses of overweight and/or obesity were found in 11.5% individuals with a BMI between 25 and 30 kg/m2 and in 36.4% with a BMI of ≥ 30 kg/m2.ConclusionIn the Netherlands, GPs recorded BMIs in nearly one third of all adults, mainly in adults with chronic diseases. Routinely recording BMI is not currently standard practice. With the increasing prevalence of obesity and its related comorbidities, it may be beneficial to start routinely recording BMI in primary care.Prevention, Population and Disease management (PrePoD)Public Health and primary car
The use of feedback in mental health services: expanding horizons on reach and implementation
Get PDFHealth and Well-bein
Putting the social in emotions: the effect of audience presence on pride and embarrassment across ontogeny
Get PDFSocial, Cognitive, and Affective Decision Makin
Comparative counterterrorism: all for one, but not one for all
No full textSecurity and Global Affair
Measures in support of innovation (Chapter VI)
Get PDFThe Legitimacy and Effectiveness of Law & Governance in a World of Multilevel Jurisdiction